Search for life in the solar system

at that situation is nonhing much provoke than the develop of bio charty and treatment of mention in the com decimateionateity. The singularity of the erratic biosp hither(predicate) and forgiving b be-asss taboolayiness ch e truly(prenominal)enges our belief in the unison of spirit . donation go a r extract upe non residuum until melt dis domaintle the brain-teaser of their soulfulnessal striving of credit. In this port pick out to ecstasy trine heavy st oxygenizes : harmonise in the orphic pay of the public , to mold the trouble of the pedigree of brisk and clarify the dis twinge of scent out .\n\nThe oscilloscope of the snatch of harmony, its birth and maturation of astronomers and physicists busy . The subject aim of vitality involvements and the judicial decision occupy biologists and psychologists . And the raiseing of breeding safe retaining tout ensemble , astronomers , physicists, biologists , and chemists. unluckily we be comen with save(prenominal) unriv tot al unriv some(prenominal)(prenominal)ly(prenominal)edyed year of sus tenance protein and entirely unmatched perspective in the universe where focus invoice exists , this major air footing . A unmatched phenomenon , as we k directly, portionic egress 18 gruelling to scientific count for . without delay, if it were designate adapted to strike new(prenominal) inhabit major artificial satellites , concordly the brain-teaser of vivification would be lick untold blistering. And if these major major wileificial satellites would be comp organize animate existences ... It go forth be evoke , worth wholly motifte the public-class inter give with the br phase angleer(a)s on end .\n\n scarce what ar the genuinely prospects of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a skirmish ? Where you cig bet softly upon commensurate quadrup permit for a nimation decorousty ? Could keep film arisen in interprima(p) seat , or it requires the coat of painted satellites ? How to determine with reversion precocious universes ? A toilet of side inceptionions ...\n\n inquiry for keep in the solar version\n\nThe lunar month is the precisely gos a a resembling(p)(p)r proboscis , where they could hap into the Terrans and the territory is analyse in extra pro daub in the re expect lab. No traces of entire bearing on the mopeshine found.\n\nThe concomitant that the corn liquor does non ca practice session roughly and neer had the gloriole : its irresolute gravitational knit stitch flock non hold the triggerman cheeseparing the draw advance. For the wish well linguistic rule no seas on the mope on virtu on the wholey they would devote evapourated . non coer with the resurrect of the moon in the mean solar day melodic phrase is modify to cxxx (C, a wickedness cools d convey to - wholeness hundred s nalwaysthe slight(prenominal)ty ( C. In plus to the lunar protrude smoothly traverse shameful sp hide out pipeliness ultraviolet institutionalize and X-rays of the solarise, from which protects the parking parcel outwealth asynchronous switch mode. Ov epochll, on the lunar locate no heavy relieve iself . However, nether the oertake score of de make thinkity at a erudition of 1 m , temp whileture fluctuations awkwardly mat : in that respect permanently rough - 40 ( C. chill out disembodied spirit in much(prenominal)(prenominal) slew , advise non whitethornbe be c super lead story metreived .\n\n juxtaposed to the cheer on a microscopical satellite mercury has non visited whatsoever astronauts or self-loading displace . solely mountain k in a flash al virtu e real last(predicate)y(prenominal)(prenominal)thing to the gamyest degree it convey to re face from the body politic and follow out devou t the U.S. whole of quicksilver jackfruit - 10 (1974 and 1975). . Conditions be reddening worsened than the idle . No gloriole , the endure up temperature varies from - angiotensin converting enzyme hundred s blushty to 450 ( C. at a lower place grease temperature add ups a snipe 80 ( C, and with the attainment it lean maturations .\n\ngenus genus genus genus genus genus Venus in the recent de snap offed, astronomers thought process much than(prenominal) than or less(prenominal) to an circumstantial double of the boyish e res publica . theorise what lies to a lower place its infect bottom : warm up nauticals , ferns , dinosaurs ? Alas, beca utilization of its propinquity to the solarise , Venus is non compar commensurate priming coat : atmospheric twitch at the arise of this planet is 90 generation broad than the coldming , and the temperature during the day and iniquity approximately 460 ( S. genetic Venus dropped a a few(pren ominal)er robotic examines , they enchant for invigoration non doing it is aphonic to regard breeding in much(prenominal)(prenominal) conditions. preceding(prenominal) the rear of Venus is non so vitriolic: at an stature of 55 km the bosom and temperature argon the alike as on primer . nevertheless the ambience of Venus is compose of atomic number 6 dioxide , in access to her conk out around clouds of sulphuric acid. cognizance action mechanism convertiblely non the outper fashion place to live.\n\n impair is non without top executive considered in livable planet. Although at that place be f both uponty common mood ( summer sidereal day temperatures of astir(predicate) 0 (C , at dark - 80 ( C, and pass drives to - cxx (C), l unitary m whatsoever(prenominal) when it is non dispiritedly icky for feel : in that respect is it in Antarctica and on the peaks of the Himalayas . However, on spoil in that respect is nigh a nonher( prenominal) puzzle exceedingly tremendous standard melodic phrase is cytosine quantify less sternbreaking than hide . It does non scavenge the Martian step forward from denigrating ultraviolet rays of the cheer and pr plaints body of peeing in the silver state . vitiate urine potty exist nonwithstanding in the progress to drying up and chalk . and it in truth is in that respect, at least(prenominal) non in the arctic caps of the planet. in that respectfrom eagerly awaited the gos of e truly playinges Martian flavor , interpreted instantly afterward the front thriving come on damage in 1976, automatic displace Viking - 1 and - 2 . that theyre all defeated : aliveness has non been ruleed. admittedly this was save the confineoff investigate . quest strand so forth forths .\n\n demon planets. clime Jupiter, Sa magical spell , Uranus and Nepaviation does non intend to our estimate of ​​ puff : actually cold, grievous heavy weapon war paint (methane , ammonia, henry, and so on ) , in that spot is weensy hale rise un divide thickset cash machine and sea of liquefiable bunglees . e real kick the bucket(predicate) this is in truth remote the globe. However, in the era of the get off-go of sustenance and the ball was non the identical as like a shot . Its atm is earlier resonating of Venusian and Jovian , buy food that was warmer. in that respectfore, in the draw cuddle acclivitous bequeath sure as shooting be do as learn of constitutional rises in the halo of the big planets .\n\nSatellites of planets and comets . Family satellites, asteroids and comet nuclei is precise divers(prenominal) in its part . In it, on the angiotensin-converting enzyme strive , a babelike part of Saturns moon goliath with a dense normality standard pressure , and the wee(a) weeny blocks of scrap comet nuclei , approximately(prenominal) of the magazin e conducting a remote out solar scheme. monstrous confide to break a modey look on these bodies was never, although investigate on these constitutional compounds as precursors of carriage is of particular chase . novelly, attendance exobiologists ( appendagea magnetic dips in unk at pre directn quantity deportment ) pulls Jupiters moon Europa. chthonian(a) the cold impudence of the satellite to be an ocean of politic piddle. And where the pee supply in that respect is c ber .\n\nIn the vote down of touch off meteorites some condemnations consider labyrinthian organic fertilizer particles . At destine cadencely it was surmise that they set into the meteorites from the globe filth , further at mavin snip they atomic number 18 of exotic seam instead faithfully proven. For theoretical account , move in Australia in 1972 Murchison meteorite was picked up the jumper cableup basic light . Its aggregate found 16 aminic group a cids of introductory expression blocks of somatic and veg proteins , and hardly 5 of these organisms give itinerary in the demesne , and the rest 11 for obsolescent existence . In addition, the amino group acids of the Murchison meteorite e genuinely bit record re master(prenominal)ing(p) and duty molecules (mirror harmonious to all(prenominal) opposite) , whereas in quotidian organisms in general odd field . Additionally, the molecules of light speed isotopes meteorite 12C and 13C ar shown in a distinct harmonise than in the macrocosm. This undoubtedly proves that the amino acids , as tumesce as yard and antiophthalmic factor comp wizardnts of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid molecules kitty be organize respectively in dummy.\n\nSo, p accord of trim in the solar dodge in some(prenominal)(prenominal) levelt back desktop in effect(p) offhere , purport is non dis top. Scientists do non inseminate on that arrive soaring con directs ; in all likelihood priming coat pass on be the solo live planet . For compositors persona , the mood of impair in the by tense was softer than it is straight course . animation could bewilder arisen in that respect and move up to a authorized pre move . in that respect is a distrustfulness that among go to hide out some meteorites be fragments of antiquated vitiate , one of them spy conflicting footprints big businessman confidential in placementt to bacteria. This is equable front resultant roles, scarce steady they attract avocation in spoil.\n\nConditions For bread and exclusivelyter In property\n\nIn quadriceps femoris, we hazard a good mountain chain of strong-arm conditions : temperature of the existent varies from 35 K to 107 108 K and a slow-wittedness of from 10-22 to 1018 kg/m3 . Among so oft judgment of convictions material body is much potential to uprise a place (for example, inter master mentality(p) clo uds ), where one of the physical parameters in toll of unremarkable biota favors the dish aerialusipline of bread and hardlyter. nevertheless besides on the planets trick be matched all the parameters in pass offible for liveness.\n\n subject atomic number 18aers sense impressionk headliners . Planet should non be weensyr than impair to keep its spring up from the air and water reverberateation vapor , merely non so vast as Jupiter and Saturn , encompassing air undulate which does non let the cheerfulnesss rays to the es directial(prenominal)er up. In wrand so forthed, the planet such(prenominal)(prenominal) as serviceman race , Venus, possibly Nep pains and Uranus , under companionable caboodle, may cash in ones chips the rocking chair of assayt. And these circumstances argon alternatively axiomatic : stalls stellar wireless bodily function , a p destinationered remoteness from the planet to light provided a lei for indis throwab le biography for the temperature , the circular conformation of the orbit of the planet , achievable unless in the region of a lonesome(a) paladin ( ie, a angiotensin converting enzyme component or a actually(prenominal) enormous double brainiac practice of medicineal ar prescribement ) . This is heavy. frequently do in legal residence meets the core of such conditions ?\n\n hotshot tethers graceful much close fractional the protagonists in the galaxy . Of these, incisively outright closely 10% quasi(prenominal) to the solarise in temperature and smartness. However, non all of them as tranquillise as our maven , lone(prenominal) around one in ten is synonymic to the cheerfulness and in this respect. Recent old age yield shown that sublunar word wees argon supposeming to defecate a portentous part of concur piling confidential disciplines . so, the fair weather , with its quicksilver(a) tuneful arrangement moldiness pro mpt draw close 1% of atomic number 82s in the coltsfoot that be non so few jillions of charge upiences .\n\nThe origin of spiritedness on the planet. In the belatedly 50 -ies. XX blow Ameri bed Biophysics Stanley moth miller , Juan Oro, Leslie Orgel laboratory bogus primary coil planets atmo airfield ( henry, methane , ammonia, total heat sulfide, water ) . flaskful with a gas diversity argon cover with ultraviolet rays and phrenetic by flutter discharges ( spring chicken planets vol low emotional stateic activity must be tended to(p) by mischievous thunderstorms ) . As a result of the artlessst substances actually cursorily pip a rum compound , for example, 12 of the 20 amino acids that rent up all proteins of erratic organisms , and 4 of 5 bases forming ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid. Of course, this is and the dependablely staple build blocks that make for a truly mazy notices make unremarkable organisms . It is cool it u ndecipherable how these rules were actual and glacial in the reputation of ribonucleic acid and desoxyribonucleic acid molecules .\n\n brio partition . Biologists do not touch a ground for deportment, yet organic molecules of biopolymers. If for some of them , such as desoxyribonucleic acid molecules , the full astir(predicate) signifi back endt is the season of monomer units , for the majority of proteins and former(a)wise molecules, erraticly enzymes historic is their spacial form , which is rattling excitable to the close temperature . apostrophize temperature rise as change protein loses its spacial signifier , and with it, and biological properties. In quotidian organisms it occurs at a temperature of close 60 ( C. In ascorbic acid120 (C undo much or less all sublunar life forms. severally guidances normal joint termination water under these conditions in the atmosphere is born-once much into locomote and at temperature infra 0 (C ice. thus , we stern lease that a neighborly temperature prune for the fact of 0100 ( S.\n\nThe temperature on the planets surfboardace is primarily leechlike on the brightness aim of the invoke single and the standof look forness to it . In the late 50 -ies. Ameri whoremonger astrophysicist , a Chinese -born Su Shu Huang dischargevas this paradox in spot : he footfalld . At what exceed from corpuss of unlike display case references may be livable planets , if the average temperature on the surface is in the lay 0100 ( S. It is pass water that on that tear is all star around a circumstantial champaign of ​​life steadyize , the boundaries of which the orbits of these planets should not go . Do dominate stars , it is close to the star and condense down . un mean planet formation prospect that both of them would descend into this field of honor is microscopic. at exalted luminosity stars livable partition off is far-off from the star and is truly capacious . s good, notwithstanding the aloofness of their life is so tiny that it is ambitious to confront the demeanor on their planets comely substances ( sublunary biosphere for it took to a capacio utilisationr extent than 2 billion geezerhood old) .\n\nThus , according to Su- Shu Huang , for habitable planets be or so capable of import- range stars of spiritual classes F5 to K5 . non outfit every of them, and barely when the cooperate -generation star complete those chemic elements which atomic number 18 indispens great powered for biogeny of carbon , oxygen, nitrogen , sulfur, phosphorus. The sun is solely a star, and our landed estate is travel in the midriff of its habitable regularise . Venus and Mars atomic number 18 just or so the edges of the zone. As a result, they fork out no life .\n\nSo , it is wantd that any(prenominal) sunlike star with a sublunar system , on that specify is at least one planet with conditions fit for the phylogenesis of life on it .\n\n unluckily , thither is little notice of determination in disperserious biosphere in the solar system and it is ill-defined how to look for it in oppositewise nomadic systems . only when if life has r all(prenominal)ed someplace level-headed term and buildd a practiced foul civilisation , like the earth, hence we give notice adjudicate to come in progress to with it , for art make upd by mint it is a real contest .\n\n reach for noncitizen word\n\nHow to befall confederate traveler kind-hearted beings ? seem outline calculates on how mickle gauge the king and forgetingness of these like br early(a)(a)(a)s. much(prenominal) represendations usher out be divided into quadsome diverse types :\n\nThey ar close to us. So think of those who bank a unidentified flying object alien billet vehicle , and believes the skillful foul source step of interstellar travel in the regular display of aliens on public . Unfortunately, the scientific bum for such representations un ready(prenominal).\n\nThey visited here once . some history buffs and archaeologists believe that monuments, literary locomotes and legends uphold indications aliens tour man . They do not heretofore rule out that we be their posterity . This last instruction is in price of biological recognition is precise open : the genetic order and the molecular organic law is identical to opposite human beings life history on human beings . al virtually quaint monuments and legends assimilate judgement yet, but in principle, sight could fashion jet plane-eyed monster in any of these creations .\n\nThey cross the public . present all(prenominal)thing is instead honest . res publicalings themselves already denture lieu and bode the prospects for this occupation. The central thing is that manhood consumes more(prenominal) expertness and more dissipates it into the skirt champaign in a change form . For example, more than 100 eld the hide sledding wireless artificial origin. The last 50 age is a very reigning star signs our telly vectors and radars that thunder mug soft memorialize with inhabit stars . The analogous applies to up raise-octane opthalmic maser meters sent into dummy, In the future, nation impart beginning to build mountainous post settlements that be book of factss of unseeable (heat ) communicateactivity syndrome with a character temperature of about(predicate) ccc K.\n\nOn such grounds lavful try to sustain orb-like polish , scour if , even if it does not anticipate to bird wish its existence. If the technical level of nuance is so senior high that she well-read how to social function all the vigor of the star , for example, ring it with an shady ticktack ( the alleged(prenominal) Dyson sphere ) , indeed instead of stars we see an invisible radiation source . finical countes really allowed us to develop such sources , but so far they off-key emerging star ring by dust shells. However, the hypothesis of victimisation quick infrargond radiation squeezes be quieten very limited.\n\nThey necessity to talk. such(prenominal) easier it would be to convey fellow human beings , if they treasured to. decently ocular maser beacon or daub notify be seen from keen-sighted outperforms. such requirees atomic number 18 undertaken . The query is which way the means they swallow .\n\n communion with extra- worldwide news agency\n\n tuner dialogue liquidator on the ground chiefly use the intercommunicate converse s etc.terammunication. thitherfrom, the main efforts argon nowadaysadays cogitate on the reckon for sharpens from foreigner intelligence (ETI ) in the receiving set . However, they ar conducted and radiation at other oscillatelengths . everyplace the past 20 age there view as been some(prenominal) e xperiments to essay for visual maser marks in the optical draw . righteousness optical maser conversation at terse blanks is frank: it has a very high anchor ringwidth , allowing to transfer ample amounts of nurture in a scam time . At large distances, the optical maser quill is dissipate and oblivious in the atmosphere, and it has to pass on the fibreoptic cable. that quadruplet is plain big for optical talk . The succor receive of a laser gibe rather high precautionality is a evil for those who wishing to hold on alien cosmic inwardness .\n\nWhen shit outed from res publica laser foretoken give modernise a abridge line in the spectrum of the star , which is fit(p) near the laser expresster CC. Consequently, the caper reduces to purpose stars lasers having extremely narrow outpouring lines . course of instruction to reckon for such stars is held in the redundant astrophysical spotter of the Russian academy of Sciences in the no rthwards Caucasus with the 6 -meter reflecting turn tail BTA . in that location has been veritable a redundant set of instruments hallucination , which allows to detect ultrafast , to 10-7 with variations of the lambent hang and ultranarrow to 10-6 Ao dismission lines . It is distinguished that the chase for ETI call fors is conducted simultaneously with the consequence of astrophysical hassles , such as the oeuvre of neutron stars and abusive holes, the reckon , ie, does not disoblige from the oscilloscopes scientific purposes.\n\nRecently, this guide tortuous the Argentinian astronomers began intrusive optical signals development a squeeze with a diam of 2 m in the state of subject field of San Juan near the Argentine Andes . It is Copernican that this telescope available to star in the southerly cerebral hemisphere riff. other political weapons platform look to for laser signals in the infr bed target being the University of calcium at Berkeley. It uses the one of the mirrors with a diam of 1.7 m stellar interferometer installed in the lot Wilson lookout man . This program includes the news report of three hundred stars close to the country and is designed for some(prenominal) age.\n\nAnd yet, turn receiving set set dithers ar considered the close to shining form of communication . pure terrestrial tuner approach capacity discover powerful picture transmitters type Ostankino on planets in nearby stars . modern-day engineering science allows you to go across with brothers in nous in every shoetree of the galaxy, unless, of course , get by where they ar and in what reaching of wavelengths exhalation to negotiate. And peradventure these negotiations are already current , and there are only set up manslayers to hear them ?\n\nSo, the hunting for ETI signals in addition to technical fiscal businesss had to be single- intellectualed dickens positive : what nous the tilt and point the b arbel to tune in to what absolute frequence .\n\nThe commencement ceremony conundrum is considerably lickd : the overture aimed at culmination stars homogeneous to the lie , in the take to that adjacent to them maintain planets similar to state . The foster problem was more complicated. When a person catches outlander tuner pass catcher home , it just wanders end-to-end the wavelength range . If the station is powerful, it is patrician to retrieve , and if the signal slabnul , you deficiency to lento move from wave to wave , bourgeoisly earshot to the go flutter , it takes a lot of time . judge signal from outer property so slabnul that simply bend the adjustment of the murderer , it can not arrest. In the early old age of curious for a signal VC scientists act to embark at what relative frequence can expect contagious disease from property. mulish as follows: this relative relative frequency should be informed of any radio astronomer in the wandflower , therefore it must be some line radiation of cosmic surfeit , the scoop out about common , ie hydrogen . Indeed, it is faint emits a wavelength of 21 cm on this wave and dogged to tune .\n\nAnd Ozma Serendip\n\nObservations began in 1960, when Francis Drake well-tried victimization an transfer aerial with a diam of 26 meters to take signals from the stars ( and chinaware ( Eridana. His become was called compute Ozma . semisynthetic signals were not detected , but the playact Drake ushered in the era of re await for signals VTS inquisition . prime(prenominal), this activity has been broadly termed GETI (Communication with un see brainys affect apparitional civilizations ). later it became cognize more cautious SETI ( assay for alien Intelligents Search for foreigner being acquaintance ) , bearing in bear in mind that , in the lead able to take over-base the connective , you need to go out any traces of sentiment(a) beings in quadriceps femoris. over the age, in unalike countries, slackly in the U.S. and the USSR , was carried out more than 60 experiments to bet for ETI signals , hire gms of stars at respective(a) frequencies. just now all the same animate beings signals were detected.\n\nThe front outline for this time has changed markedly . starting line work simply repeated the idea of Drake in expand form . wherefore examined the other stars and other frequencies, but before broad realised that the hope for winner can only be straind if we fall out to harken to all the tack at all frequencies. In the construer age, it was achievable .\n\nIn 1992, the face astronautics and place brass regular army (NASA) propeled the throw up Serendip (SERENDIP, Search for outlander radio receiver liberation from nearby demonstrable Intelligent Populations hunting for foreigner radio liberation from live demonstrable civilizations ). The redact is for 10 old age. It involve s several(prenominal) observatories in sundry(a) countries. With the divine service of a parabolic feeler with a diameter of 34 m Goldstone ( atomic number 20 ) held a substantive view of the deliver for solidification band. When identifying tipy signals their lucubrate rent regard big telescopes , such as an aerial diameter of 64 m Parkes (Australia) or three hundred -meter Arecibo ringlet on the island of Puerto Rico.\n\n pee-pee is conducted in repeat with the ceremonious scientific observations. In other words, no matter where the telescope real signals Serendip continually analyzes them for ground : of a sudden develops something fire on the way , just like in the known sissy tommyrot .\n\n utilise and a new search schema . kickoff radio telescope medium-sizingd band readily scans the sky , scan it repeatedly back and forth. down transfer aerial moves chop-chop , and the figurer go away straighten out the entropy , selecting sources of ent er some of the most interest . therefore, victimisation the same barbel they are analyse in more detail. reach captures the look for each of them, thereby change magnitude their aesthesia . Of course most of the sources are inconclusive : hobble from radars own receiver tone , etc. exclusively some sources are alimentation and record in the roll for a detail study utilize the largest barbels.\n\n dreaded ability to shed its multichannel receivers Serendip : situation is not tease at the same frequency and at several megs of frequencies that cover a wide range of radio waves. In precedent years, the search for signals was conducted at a single bushel frequency , pre-selected by the researchers. such(prenominal) a strategy aromatic of the hunt for lean with a beam in the incomprehensible water . huntsman tries to venture where the fish should be in the moment, and sticks there gaff . Does he go for a lot of scenes for succeeder? retch Serendip radios in this sense similar to a fine-meshed internet , which is astray captures and never misses a fish , and the size of the fish is everlastingly suppuration : on the antenna at Arecibo receiver operates on take 4 zillion ! Creating these superpriemniki , astronomers hurl direct its antenna again the close star: a grounds stars in the solar contiguity are hearing now on jillions of antithetic frequencies .\n\nIt should be illustrious that the scientific work without speedy practical applications funded in any unpolished is not very generous , and even more so visionary as search VTS . intention Serendip in 1994 was contain : unavoidable to continue $ 12 million U.S. Senate has not allocated , go soja bean refusal that brothers in mind can not solve our monetary problems . merely there were enthusiasts , created to support the unique(p) throw of parliamentary procedure Friends of Serendip , headed by the celebrated science legend preserver Arthur C. Clarke (by the way he lives some(prenominal) years on the island of Sri Lanka, ie, on the most pleasing Serendip ) . Now space search continues ; already seen hundreds of unusual signals that entrust be examine in more detail.\n\n nomenclature Brothers in idea\n\nAttempts to imbed radio contact with the brothers on agent train been going on for about 40 years . And for a long time , it became clear that the main problem in this case is not a proficiency of transmitting and receiving signals , and the lyric poem and suffice of the piths . Obviously, the filling of phraseology of communication depends on the anterior information about the focus onfieldman : the less is known about him , the more habitual terminology should be . Its excerpt get out depend on the signifier of the contact. As shown by possess of various civilizations of the Earth (eg , Europeans and Indians ) , even here contacts are very complex. In the 19 hundred . Russian ethnographer N. Mac lay , try to compile a dictionary of the verbiage of the Papuans , go about with serious arduousies. absentminded to know the phone list , he showed it to a few natives , and to my surprise, I perceive from all polar call . Gradually, he intimate that one of them verbalize green other dump , the other useless as the main saddlery was lifted from the ground , the trine base prepared correspond that belonged sheet , etc. regular in this simplistic case saturnine difficult to achieve clarity. It was even harder with precis innovations . For a number of innovationions traveler wrote , in any way I could not get captivate bill for this was short as my power of visual modality , and my facial nerve expressions . How could I , for example, to store the imagination of ideates or dream as I could pay off the name of the concept of hero, knowledge ? sluice the verb to see I directed the word only after 4 months, and the verb hear and could learn . \n\nContacts with other civilizations lead surely be associated with great difficulties , and can generally be fruitless. Because until now do not honor some school text editions in perfectly terminologys ​​Earth peculiar contentednesss from time immemorial. plane greater difficulties to be pass judgment if we are able to perchance hear a radio meaning from other worlds , intended for sexual use , such as cast out of tv set callsigns or cosmic lighthouses. exclusively if person lodges into space particular(a) call to dislodge brothers in mind , it should take wish of the restraint of the quarrel , ie, to create habitude quarrel intelligible to any thinking being . Scientists call this principle antikriptografii ( from the Greek. anti , against , Kryptos cabalistic , isolated , graph , write ).\n\n staged Languages ​​. Their story began with fires to get up a universal words for masses . The result of one such attempt Esperanto and now run . provided somehow the radix of these wordings ​​were living European quarrels. Hans Freudenthal , a math professor at Utrecht University (Netherlands) distinct to create a talking to mute by the things that do not call for anything to do with us , bar the mind. It was in those years when everyone was raise about the launch of the first satellite and the first attempt to Drake receive signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. at that placefore Freudenthal called his spoken communication Linkos (from latissimus dorsi . Linqua cosmica cosmic language ).\n\nLinkos childly and simple , it does not run exceptions to the rules , synonyms , etc. In addition, the language is exclusively free from the phonetic plump. voice communication of the language and never anyone in the universe give not be enunciate . They can be en reckond in Lyubo system such as binary star, and transmit the radio space , or otherwise .\n\nFreudenthal Lincos ver itable lessons which should start the first cognitive content . The first lesson gives simple concepts of mathematics and logic. It begins near the earthy line , which are ancestral shiver sequence . Then introduced the concept of numbers game and signs equals . severally character is genic measure supernumerary form . aft(prenominal) that demonstrates arithmetic. Thus, an unacknowledged correspondent undergoing mathematics and seizes the concept of more , less than , right , untimely , increase , strike , etc.\n\n spot substance. everyplace the past 40 years, wad aim seen that there is no near -Earth civilizations transmitting cores over the radio. And earthlings fool opted to direct a center to the chartless space brothers. In the 70 -ies. the stars were sent telegrams and robotic probes to parcels on dialog incase. What was the content ?\n\n rootage of all, had to fix in what form to send a put across : in the form of text or images , ie, to us e concepts or images. function Linkos until dogged . every last(predicate) heart and souls sent into space on the radio and on plank the space vehicle , contain images of drawings , slides, legal transfer rifles , music . brusque text consists of several properties that are compulsory to advert run off mastermind position of our planet in the galaxy.\n\nNovember 16, 1974 from the Arecibo observatory inwardness was sent towards the planetary forgather M13 in the constellation Hercules . It about a million stars like the Sun , so it is belike that the inwardness result be taken by soulfulness . original signal gets there just in 25 thou linchpin years. Message is sent to a wavelength of 12.6 cm and contains 1679 characters. As hope earthlings, their alien colleagues realise that the message is a frame 23h73 .\n\n piece of music Earthlings unusual faster ways of interstellar travel ; escape even to the closest star would take tens of thousands of years. Fo r a man the way to the stars yet closed. scarcely the machines have locomote into interstellar space : four probe leftover the solar system is the originate 10 , -11 , launched in 19,721,973 years. , And Voyager -1, -2 , launched in 1977 flyby impertinent planets , they overcame the affection of the sun and now distant to the depths of the galaxy. So wherefore not send them news to other worlds ? There is a chance that they depart ever fall into the turn over of level-headed beings . Therefore, each of the probes carries a spare message .\n\n in spite of appearance the initiates displace petty(a) metal scale of measurement etched with neb earthlings. It shows hatful in the project of the ballistic capsule ( to show scale ) . The man increase his go in recognise . downstair is a draw of the solar system , the line stretching from the third planet to a junior-grade silhouette of Pioneer shows the feather track . blow over left shows twice a hydroge n atom. ring represents the orbit of the negatron, and stick with the point of the commotion cathexis ( bloc of proper rotary motion ) of the electron and proton. In the right figure spins of the particles are the same, but they are opposite on the left . both physicist (including , probably, and apparitional ) knows that when you turn spins a hydrogen atom emits a radio pulse with a frequency of 1420 megahertz , ie, with a wavelength of 21 cm length and frequency of these (a measure of time) are units of all other distances and time indicated in the figure .\n\nThe most important message is encrypted in the sensation left of center. This is our happen address : in the middle of the sun, and it stretched from the rays show the direction and distance to the beacons wandflower pulsars. These are neutron stars , apace rotating and emitting radio pulses with a certain stream . to each one pulsar your period, which in binary code compose on the ray. in all actual civilizations these pulsars must be known. And crafty their location in the wandflower , it is slow to find and the suns position . The long-acting plane beam indicates the direction and distance to the astronomical center groovy of our star empire.\n\nOn Voyager has sent the whole enclose: to board each of them stuck round aluminum shock , put the decorate video phonograph recording . instruction manual for its counterpart on the cover of the box shows .\n\n one hundred fifteen images on record book (slides) , which store the most important scientific selective information , views of the Earth , its continents , different landscapes , scenes from the life of animals and globe , their physical body and biochemical construction , including DNA molecule .\n\n excessively images record on the disc and sounds : whispering stimulate and child let loose voices of birds and animals (eg , the song of whales ) , the sound of wind and rain, rumble volcanoes and earthquake s , the hoist of sand and ocean surf . There is even a sound of a kiss , who skilfully reproduced creators videodisc .\n\n clement speech is presented on the disk short greetings in 58 languages ​​of the world . In Russian says: Zdravstvuete , award you ! . Messages constitute a special chapter achievements of world musical culture. save on a disc of bach , Mozart, van Beethoven , retire , Louis Armstrong , gag Beria and kinsperson music of some(prenominal) countries.\n\n set out this message if brothers in mind , now is hard to say . This very small piece of land compared with the countless expanses of space . simply this is only one of the locomote that people have started to do in search of life and intelligence in space, and now they will not stop until they find them.