The Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller – Linda

Ms. Woods ENG 252 Sec 400 October 29, 2012 Linda – A Pillar of Strength and Balance In the Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller My question for discussion is what I think of Linda, the wife of Willie Lohman in the play â€Å"uk/expressionism-and-realism-in-death-of-a-salesman/">The Death of a Salesman†. This is my response. I feel that Linda is the strongest character in the play. Everyone around her has major issues, her sons and her husband. Even in the reflections of the past her brother-in-law had his issues – greed being one of them. She represents stability, goodness and balance in this story.She can be looked at as the foundation of this family, like most strong women. This story takes place in the 1940’s when the environment or way of living was the woman stayed home and tended to the family and the husband was the provider. And we also have a male dominated, sort of male chauvinist society at that time. So being that the man was the provider, a ma n had a sense of being the King of his home. Because of this general idea, it reduced the importance or view of women and their roles. Meaning a woman’s role was less than important because the man was King.Therefore, we see the questionable, forceful and harsh tones that Willie uses sometimes when speaking to Linda which can be interpreted or misinterpreted in different ways. And when this happens we see Linda back down or just close her mouth. But it also should be noted that Willie is losing everything around him, at home he feels that is the only place he can control what is going on. Then we see Willie’s dementia coming to a serious level of illness. This is not mentioned in the story but we see something wrong with Willie’s mental state.By the evidence given in the story, we can conclude many things – guilt, dementia, pressure and stress or just getting old and not wanting to face it. We are not given a reason for this deteriation. But it is evident by the reflections Willie has and how he is stuck in the past and/or stuck in a fantasy that something very deep is going on. This story is very male dominated with the symbolic theme of women are just extra’s. We hear this thru Willy Jr and Biff. They don’t seem to respect women either. Thru out the story no one seems to listen to her, her sons and neither Willie her husband.Linda is a faithful wife, playing her role. She stands and supports her husband. You never hear her say a bad word about her husband other than him being sick. She knows what’s wrong but I don’t think she knows how to handle it. At a time when medically no one really knew about mental illness, I think she viewed it as stress driven. Willis has been reduced at his job, he doesn’t want to face he’s getting old and his sons not being productive are just a few issues that contribute to the unrest in this household.She tries to explain to her sons what is going on but the f act that Willie probably was traveling salesmen for a long time and has been away so much that he has no real relationship with his son’s. Therefore they feel no pity for him, especially Willy Jr. who lost faith in his father a long time ago. So part of them being worthless and non productive can be contributed to not having their father around while they were growing up. So they do not have any attachment to him or what is going on with him nor does Willie Jr. care because of what he discovered when his father was having an affair.They only have attachment to their mother, Linda. She loves her boys regardless and her husband but she feels her duty first is to her husband. We also conclude that Linda does not know about the affair Willie had nor does she know that Willy Jr. knew about it. All she knows is the relationship between big Willie and junior Willy has been severely altered. Clinging to the suspicion that Willie (husband) is suffering from mental deterioration she wa nts to do whatever it takes to let him just grow old gracefully and peacefully, even if it means turning her back on her children.This is not to be taken as rejection or meanness because they are grown and are not contributing anything positive to the situation or conditions that are evolving. That is evident when they leave Willie in the bathroom at the restaurant and he suffers a severe breakdown and they don’t even come back to check on him. I feel that when she unloaded on her sons and voiced all the truths that were said is her finally being fed up with all the confusion going on around her. She is fighting to stay strong, guide and stay dedicated to her husband while moving all negatives out of the way.That is a sign of strength and dedication. This is symbolic of how she is truly the foundation and the balance of this family. Willie is losing control of everything, his job, his mind, his finance, his pride, his youth, etc. and Linda sees all of this. Thus his harsh tre atment of her I do not feel is meant to hurt her. Remember a woman’s value in this era is reduced so she has no voice, no say and she abides by that. But in today’s time we would consider that disrespectful. I am considering the era of this story.But Linda stays strong and is always positive. Willie does realize he loves his wife and she loves him because at the end before he leaves to commit suicide he sends her to bed because he knows she would try to stop him from going out. And he knows she would do that out of love for him. Even though in his mind he sees this as a way of taking care of her and his sons. So in conclusion, the question remains do I believe that Linda was a dishrag? No I do not. Linda was the epitimy of a good wife, supportive, grounded, sacrificial and wise.She knew when to back down and when to be strong and speak out. She held Willie together as long as she could, until it was out of her hands. As she stated at his grave site, she truly did not u nderstand how deep Willie’s issues really were. Thru all the symbolism of this story, good and bad (the sons), rich and poor (the environment and Willie’s associates), young and old (his reflections back to his younger days) Linda was the central figure in this story representing neutrality, balance and humbleness.

History and Literature V.S. Science and Mathematics Essay

Nowadays, students have the rights to choose different subjects they would like to study at university. Some like science subjects can register to study science and mathematics; meanwhile, some will prefer to study about history and literature. Personally, I think that it is more important for every student to take part in history and literature class since these subjects will educate students about the past of history and give them rich sources of culture values. Most importantly, history is all records of the past about our country. Learning this subject, students will know about the historical development process of country, such as, when our country established, how our ancients had defended the enemy bravely. All of those like real evidences to tell us again about their sacrifices for the country’s independence and freedom for the next generations. Knowing thoroughly about history teaches us about the loyalty, and how great the deaths of the last generations are. Today, we do not have to go to battle to fight again the enemy, but it is very important to help country become powerful on the economic battle after long time our country underwent the severe war. If every student understands history of their country, they will recognize the importance of their roles in the common development process of country by studying well and become successful people in the future. That will be grateful awards for those who have commit themselves for country’s liberty in the past. Besides that, literature is also important to learn at university since it is the great cultural materials from the past to now. Unlike history teaches us historical stories, literature educates us about cultural values. Through great verses, or poses, we learn about the beauties around our life, our family, such as the motherhood, neighborhood, and couple love†¦. Whenever I read a nice verse about homeland, I feel very exciting and become loving my homeland more and more. All of them are really the vital â€Å"food† for our mental life which cannot obtain by simply studying equations or algorithms in mathematics. In conclusion, I think history and literature would be put in the curriculum in university since it is very necessary for all of us to know about history of country. Moreover, they also teach us valuable lessons about culture values in life which I sure that if our study is without literature; our culture must be very different and boring.

A research on the Concept of Homophobia and its Motives Paper

A on the Concept of Homophobia and its Motives - Research Paper Example Homosexuality has been regarded as being immoral, perverse and vulgar since time immemorial. Homophobia is similarly as old and still persists in present times. Homophobia stems from intolerance, ignorance and fear. It developed from prejudice and eventually intensified to panic. Ironically, religious groups do support and exercise homophobic attitudes which is against the ‘treat others as you would like to be treated’ principle. The acute nature of homophobia has gotten to a point where this issue needs societal redress. The following research analyzes the concept of homophobia and the motives behind it in order to determine how to control the vice. Problem Statement Our society has over the past several decades gone through social transformation. There have been assertions of new beliefs regarding human relationships, minority rights, individual freedom and global involvement. Even with such developments, homosexuality has always been a source of conflicts. In spite of the several homosexual groups that act as activists for the rights of this minority group, these groups have not been able to considerably eliminate the vice that is homophobia. Negative and aggressive conduct towards individuals who are homosexual and those in support of homosexuality sets a challenge to the society which needs immediate redress. Objectives The main objective of this paper is to analyze the concept of homophobia. The paper also tries to determine motives behind homophobia and recommends on way forwards in combating homophobia. History of Homophobia Byrne (10) defines homophobia to be the fear of homosexuality as well as of those who practice it. In the 19th century, a lot of the negative attitude towards homosexuals had already developed. By the time the 20th century and the World Wars had come, the attitude had advanced to a great extent. Homosexuals started being viewed as a totally different class of humans that were not the same as the rest of society. They were seen as a class that interrupts the society on a moral, legal and ethical level. As they were sent out oversees during World War I, a lot of homosexuals were able to come together. However, at the end of World War II, men and women who were homosexuals started living as a community separately from heterosexuals. They isolated themselves from the heterosexual individuals. As a result the homosexuals were declared to be psychotic and anti-social individuals that were destructive because of their sexual preferences (Byrne 12). In the 1950s and 19 60s, homosexuals were often ridiculed and hassled by a lot of individuals including the police. Soon after, homosexuals started fighting back against homophobia through formation of civil rights movements. They did this by calling for those that were â€Å"in the closet† to come out in publicly. The number of homosexual organizations increased from 50 to 800 as the closeted homosexuals publicly came out after realizing that there were groups and individuals who supported them. The 1980s were problematic years for the homosexuals. The Roman Catholic Pope called them evil and they were banned from fighting in wars. They were blamed for the existence of HIV/AIDS infections even though homosexuality began far much before AIDS emerged in the 80s. In fact, the

Provide insights into how a chosen organisation in a specific PR Essay

Provide insights into how a chosen organisation in a specific PR sector focuses on building its corporate reputation - Essay Example of utmost excellence to meet the demands of the clients and ensure long-term growth in the company, the employees are also satisfied resulting in augmented corporate reputation (Edelman, 2014). Code of ethics and conduct: all employees at Edelman have a contract signed to show their commitment to maintaining the highest ethical standards both online and offline and when dealing with suppliers (Edelman, 2014). This ensures Edelman’s reverence by the population and enhances its corporate reputation. Legal obligations: the actions and responsibilities undertaken by people related and within the payroll of Edelman have a principle governing their actions ensuring they act within legal obligations. This non-violation of legal obligations allows the firms to have confidence from both suppliers and the customers increasing its corporate reputation. Integrity: Edelman takes responsibility for all the actions of the firm whether they result in positive or negative outcomes and collaborate with trustworthy firms according to all the stakeholders in the business. This ensures the firm’s corporate reputation is upheld and improved owing to the realization of high integrity the firm upholds in all its actions. Transparency and fair dealing: all the actions and undertakings of the business with their business and firms are made with high emphasis on transparency and fairness. This ensures the trust between the business and ability to conduct further business in the future with the need for the business to have knowledge of fair pricing and practices by Edelman. This rewards Edelman through augmented corporate reputation. Edelman’s vision and mission: Edelman ensures all the employees including the management are guided by a code of conduct, business practices, and the mission statement. Training is used to incorporate the vision and mission statement to the actions and practices of the employees in their duties. Experience: Edelman ensures the clients have an

A History of the Popes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

A History of the Popes - Essay Example After the death of Jesus, Christianity spread in many places including Rome. Peter and Paul went there to indoctrinate the Jews but they were persecuted and Peter was soon crucified. More Christians, bishops and deacons were to die afterward until the time of Constantine who gave leniency to religions. During the reign of Pope Leo, Rome was threatened by conquerors and so was Christianity. However the pope claimed he was the heir of Peter and thus established himself as a respectable figure who made the church stronger. Between Two Empires is the second part of the video which continues the history of the popes. It shows how the popes at different times tried to save the power of the church. Along with the papacy, there was another leadership that was equally strong or even stronger than that of the pope’s. It was the emperor. For want of glory and power, the two fought for many centuries to preserve their respective authorities. For example, when Christianity was threatened by the invaders ruled by the Lumbards, Pope Gregory the Great showered the leader’s wife with expensive gifts, gaining her confidence in the pope. On the other hand, Emperor Leo III showed how an imperial leader could break a pope’s backbone when he confiscated papal lands and had given them to

Employee management in HM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Employee management in HM - Essay Example The present-day HRM approach refutes this fallacy and asserts the view that employees can rightly be considered as very valuable assets which are the major players in the achievement of organizational goals. There has been a lot of controversy about the alignment of HRM practices and establishment of strategy with the goals of the organization (Caldwell R. 2004; Ulrich, 1997: 27). In theory, this sounds plausible, although in practice it requires a significant reorientation in the conventional remit of the personnel function. Ulrich has captured the scope of this new role when he argues that: 'HR professionals become strategic partners when they participate in the process of defining the business strategy, when they ask questions that move the strategy to action and when they design HR practices that align with the business' (1997: 27). Unfortunately, Ulrich is somewhat vague in describing how this 'role change' can be practically enacted and empirical evidence of the emergence of new strategic roles is often contradictory (Caldwell, 2003; CIPD, 2003; Gennard and Kelly, 1997). One of the distinguishing characteristics of HRM is that it seeks to transform the often disparate array of policies associated with traditional personnel management into a strategically co-ordinated or 'integrated' set of policies and processes that improve organisational performance (Caldwell R. 2004). Where this has been achieved there is empirical evidence that organisational performance can improve (MacDuffie, 1995). Conversely, when HRM is unable to affirm its integrative ambition, it loses much of its significance as a distinctive approach to people management and becomes old-style personnel management: 'a collection of incidental techniques without much internal cohesion . . . a hodge podge' (Druker, 1961, quoted in Sisson, 1995: 87). Main Functions of HRM All the models of HRM, whether American or European, are based on the three basic functions of HRM which are Recruitment and Selection; Performance Evaluation/Management and Rewards Management & Career Growth. These are discussed in detail in the following text: Recruitment & Selection Human resources recruitment and selection decisions are widely regarded as some of the most important decisions made in organizations (Ferris et al 1999). Furthermore, a principal focus of staffing decisions is the employment interview, so it is appropriate to examine this decision-making tool with respect to influence and politics. Research has continued on how influence tactics in the employment interview affect interviewer decisions, following some of the suggestions for future research proposed by Ferris and Judge (1991). Kacmar, Delery, and Ferris (1992) conducted an investigation that was designed to assess the relative effectiveness of two types of influence tactics used by applicants on interviewer decisions. They found that interviewers gave higher ratings and recommendations for job offers to applicants who employed self-promotion tactics than those who used ingratiation-type tactics (Ferris et al 1999). To illustrate this further, in a carefully conducted investigation, Stevens and Kristof (1995) reported evidence of

IT - WiMAX Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT - WiMAX Networks - Essay Example 3) The architecture should be compatible with different usage models like fixed, portable, nomadic, etc. 4) The architecture should have the capability to provide IP services and separate the access network and connectivity network. 5) The architecture should provide assistance to network access provider (NAP) the network service provider (NSP), and the application service providers (ASP). 6) By utilizing the internet engineering, the architecture should provide assistance to3GPP/3GPP2, Wi-Fi, and wired networks. Image Source: [1] Mobile WiMAX Network The architecture of mobile WiMAX consists of All IP platform, all packets technology and no circuit switch telephony. The open IP architecture provide network operator’s huge elasticity while choosing way outs that work with legacy networks or so as to use the most advanced equipments and in shaping what functionality they desire their system to maintain. They can select from an upright incorporated seller to facilitate offers a turnkey way out or they can decide on and choose from a thick ecosystem of best-of-breed companies with a more thin focus. The architecture permits modularity and elasticity to provide somewhere to stay a wide variety of consumption options such as small scale to large scale, urban, suburban and rural coverage, mesh topologies , flat , hierarchical and their variant, and finally, co-existence of permanent , wandering moveable and mobile usage models. Mobile WiMAX has equally the mobility and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) functionalities to the IEEE 802.16- 2004 protocol. It is one of two protocols accept by the WiMAX forum with the other one being the IEEE 802.16 – 2004. The WiMAX system architecture can logically be characterized by a Network Reference Model (NRM). ASN The ASN is commonly referred as the access network of WiMAX and its major responsibly is to offer the communication between the user and the core network services. The Major responsibilities of the ASN are †¢ The ASN must provide relinquish †¢ The Validation of AAA (authentication, authorization and accounting) server through proxy. †¢ The ANS must manage the radio resource †¢ Provide co-operations for other ASN networks. †¢ Provide a functional coordination between CSN and MS, Technologies Engaged By WiMAX Mobile WiMAX has the operating frequency band of 2 to 6 MHz. In order to perform different functions the WiMAX has to employ the following [2]. †¢ Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (SOFDMA). †¢ MIMO †¢ IP (Internet Protocol) †¢ Adaptive antenna systems (AAS) †¢ Adaptive Modulation schemes (AMS) †¢ Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) There are vast possibilities of the WiMAX to be utilized as the prior network service for the users as it is capable of providing the data services as well as voice services by the utilization of VOIP (voice over internet protocol) that enables the user to send and receives the telephony services by utilizing the WiMAX services. Difference between WiMAX and Wifi The major difference between the WiMAX and Wifi is the difference in the range. Wifi is a short range wireless network having operation in 100 meters or a bit more however, WiMAX network has the range of about several kilometers. Wifi can work in an unlicensed or open spectrum, while WiMAX has a particular licensed frequency spectrum. WiMAX is typically utilized for providing the services by utilizing the IEEE 802.16 such as data services from ISP to the end user and telephony services

Case Project Assignemnts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Project Assignemnts - Assignment Example The project entailed performing the following instructions as stated in the task details. In this particular section, Adobe Acrobat version 8.0 was used given that the version 6.0 and 7.0 has been rendered obsolete for higher versions of windows. The snapshots below showcase the procedure: The procedure requires saving the file in a PDF version that is later opened by the adobe acrobat software. Once this is done the subsequent procedures are showcased below to aid in the creation of a digital certificate key. Experience and Findings: The course of generating a personal digital certificate is relatively simple given the instructive procedure displayed in the coursework assignment. Adobe Acrobat 8.0 pro avails the features for creating a digital certificate quite easily and ensuring its security by storing it on the Windows certificate store. Additionally, managing the certificates has been made easier by the available personal certificate management feature on the acrobat file setting dialogue box. The project entails the exchange of public keys and e-mail messages with your colleagues. The procedure requires the installation of the PGP desktop encryption client which is readily available in the website – pgp.com. Please make sure you have outlook configured and connected to a Microsoft exchange server before implementing the PGP. Experience and Findings: The PGP program provides an easy install and configuration dialogue box that easily connects to the Microsoft outlook program to enable you encrypt your files and informative data alike emails sent within an organization. The assistant console helps one generate keys easily and that can be emails to classmates, recipients or colleagues as can be viewed on the above dialogue box option. Intrusion detection systems provide the needed support for system administrators to efficiently

ACE Principles and How the Principles if Used Properly can Positively Assignment

ACE Principles and How the Principles if Used Properly can Positively Affect Quality in an Organizations Products and Services - Assignment Example In this system, there would be a built-in process of integration of various functional areas of an organization to the quality processes and systems. The principle of internal marketing emphasizes on achieving motivation of the employees through appropriate training, support, and reward systems, so the service to the external customers becomes very satisfactory. Kotler indicated that the principles of internal marketing look forward to accomplish the highest degree of customer satisfaction possible, and it is only possible through employees delivering quality service. The philosophy of total quality management takes the approach of integration of all functions and processes across the organization to achieve continuous improvement of quality. It has been indicated that the total quality management is a process of integrated functions within an organization in order to achieve continuous improvement of quality and services, where customer focus, defect prevention, performance measurem ent, and continuous improvement are inherent.It has been indicated that enhancement of organizational performance is actually closely related to the soft aspects of quality management practices... Thus it is an important question what would be the ideal parameters and indicators of employee performance which can generate customer satisfaction and at the same time maintains quality. It has been demonstrated that a system approach for operations may lead to this goal in the most efficient manner. This therefore involves a management approach to achieve quality where identification, understanding, and managing the interrelated processes as a system may contribute to the efficiency in achieving the objectives of the organization. In this manner, the management would involve integration and alignment of the processes that will best achieve the desired results. Ability to focus the effort on the key processes would generate confidence about effectiveness, efficiency, and effectiveness of the organization. If quality management means a system approach of operation of continual improvement, the system needs to be structured with the objectives of the organization in mind, and the processes must be aligned in the most effective and efficient way. It is also important that the system must demonstrate a universal understanding of the interrelations and interdependencies a mong the different processes within that system. A structured approach is indicated since it integrates the processes. The employees thus armed with a better understanding of the common objectives may develop a sense to eliminate the barriers in cross-functional areas, so there is a harmony between different roles and responsibilities. A system approach may also help developing a more comprehensive understanding of organizational capabilities, and thus a definition of specific activities within a system and its operations

Reflective Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflective Exercise - Essay Example In addition, the reflection would evaluate the emergence and improvement of new skills. Finally, the discourse would stipulate how this learning can be transferred into skills for one’s future including employability. The course on international marketing provided enriching theoretical perspectives affecting global organizations. The key players were clearly identified; the factors shaping the international business environment were highlighted; the risks and ethical issues were discussed; among a host of other relevant concerns. I realized that managing corporate culture is a skill which every global corporation should learn since culture change is a complex and long process involving coordinated efforts by the head office which is very visible to host branches. While many practitioners and academicians aver that management theories and principles are similar throughout the world, their application varies from one country to another due to varied cultural systems. Others observe that cultural differences make it inappropriate to take management theories and practices from the cultures in which they were developed and apply them to another culture. In addition, I was made more aware that managing diversity should incorporate variables which are critical in operating on a global scale. In designing the organizational structure for international operations, the structure should meet both the strategies of the home office and the requirements of the local market. As such, the structure should be contingency based, taking into account the variables of that particular system at that specific point in time. The most important variables to consider are the firm’s strategy, size, technology, and environment of those countries in which the country operates. Further, I learned that other relevant variables that need to be considered when managing the team in the company’s operations are: geographic dispersion, time differences, language, culture and

Cosmic Redshift Essay Example for Free

Cosmic Redshift Essay The new Physics of Cosmic Redshift Introduction:As we all know that light travels from source in a straight line(ray) according to concepts of classical ray optics. Redshift is the phenomenon by which light rays from distant stars that are observed on earth, show smaller frequency (longer wavelength) i. e. shifted towards the â€Å"red† end of the visible light region. This phenomenon of redshift is conventionally explained by the well-known â€Å"Doppler effect†. But according to the book â€Å"QED: The strange theory of light and matter† by Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman Redshift occurs due to the quantum mechanical propagation of photons. The Problem:Edwin HUBBLE discovered that light from distant stars exhibits longer wavelengths or reduced frequencies than that from similar radiation sources on Earth. All specific frequency lines in the electromagnetic spectrum of distant cosmic radiation sources appeared shifted towards the red end of the visible spectrum. His discovery therefore was called â€Å"astronomic redshift† defined by the redshift ratio, z = ? / lo (1), ? l: the elongation of a specific wave length lo: the original wave length of emission at the source Frequency n and wavelength lo of the radiation are correlated by the velocity of light in vacuum, c = n x (2). From on its discovery the Redshift phenomenon was referred to the â€Å"Dopplereffect of wave dynamics†, occurs when the source and the receiver are moving relative to each other. Hence this theory proved that all the distant stars , galaxies are moving away from the Earth i. e the universe is expanding. The apparent radial recession velocity away from Earth can be calculated following the Doppler equation: n/no= (1-v/c) (3) n: a specific frequency of the arriving light, no: corresponding frequency of emission at the source v : the recession velocity of the source c the velocity of light in vacuum Simultaneously, HUBBLE discovered that the apparent recession velocity of cosmic radiation sources increases proportionally to their distance r from Earth: v = H x r (4), H means the famous HUBBLE-constant currently estimated at about 70 km/s per megaparsec or per 3. 6 million light-years. Hubble’s theory led the current view that the universe has formed from a gigantic explosion called â€Å" the Big Bang†, which spontaneously arose from a tiny volume of matter at unimaginably high temperature followed up by adiabatic expansion and the condensation of matter while cooling down. Apparently, this expansion process is still going on today. Following HUBBLE? s law (4), the escape velocity of an extremely distant galaxy might gain ultimately the velocity of light in vacuum, meaning its redshift ratio would theoretically equal unity. Physically of course, this is impossible nevertheless redshift ratios of z=5 and even z=7 have been measured in recent years showing supernova explosions, which apparently occurred further away from Earth than the age of the Universe postulated at about 14 billion light-years. In addition, as well known, various other inconsistencies weigh upon the Big Bang theory and many a scientist therefore questions this view. The new theory (methods used and result): The new theory uses the concepts from the â€Å"quantum electrodynamics†. He (Richard Feynman) explained the quantum mechanics of the linear propagation of photons. He showed that from the countless number of radiations that are emitted from the source only those are really effective which reach the source (cover the distance b/w them) via straight line and in close company i. e. when they cover the distance in the shortest possible time. All other dispersed photons take larger time to reach to the receiver and hence are ineffective. He said that the straight stream of photons emitted from the distant source to the Earth will meet/collide innumerous bodies (such as stars, galaxies, planets, comets, meteorites, grains, etc. hich are swirling around in the universe with a typical speed of few hundreds kilometers per second) through which the photons can not pass. When those bodies cross a straight ray of light, this ray will be interrupted shortly and all photons dropping onto the bodies will be removed from the stream independently of their individual energy or frequency. After many such interruptions only the few remaining photons will reach the Earth and the frequency of these radiations arriving on the Earth exhibit lower frequencies because the dispersed photons did not rech in time to the earth. Thus the frequency shifts towards the red end of the visible region (spectrum). As the number of interruptions depend (directly proportional) on the distance between the source and the destination, the redshift ration is also directly proportional to the distance between the source and the receiver ( Earth ). Thus this theory confirms the Hubble’s discovery that the redshift ratio depends upon the distance. HUBBLE? s law still implies another connection. When replacing in equation (4) the recession velocity v by the product z x c, i. e. y a fraction of the ultimate velocity of light, an interesting correlation arises: z = H/c x r (5). The constant factor H/c can be regarded as a modified HUBBLE-constant, which amounts to 0. 00023 per megaparsec or 0. 00007 per million light-years. This modified HUBBLE-constant signifies the loss of photons suffered by a beam of light, which has traveled one million light-years through the Universe. It is a very small loss of photons in fact ov er such big distance, confirming our experience that the Universe is largely empty of solid matter. The reciprocal of the modified HUBBLE-constant i. e. 1/0. 00007 gives 14 billion light-years, in accordance with the postulated age of our Universe following the conventional theory. However, the meaning is different. It shows namely that ordinary starlight cannot propagate further through the Universe than 14 billion lightyears. All photons grouped in a straight light beam from a remote source to the Earth would have got lost due to the absorption effect of celestial matter. Usually, we cannot look deeper into the Universe than this distance, corresponding theoretically to a redshift ratio of unity. However, what about those bigger redshift ratios of z=5 or even z=7, which have been observed in recent time? We know from nuclear physics that energetic radiation penetrating through a shielding medium will be absorbed according to the general correlation, E = Eo x e^ µ(gama) (6), E means the radiation energy behind the shield, Eo the energy of emission at the source, the absorption coefficient of the shielding medium and r the traveling distance through the medium. In the present case, it makes sense to take the modified HUBBLE-constant H/c as a cosmic photon absorption coefficient and r as traveling distance of a stream of photons through the Universe. The energy of photons emitted by a heat source corresponds to the well-known correlation, E = kxT (7), T: the surface temperature of the source k: is the BOLTZMANN-constant On the other hand, the photon energy corresponds to PLANCKs equation, E = h x n (8), h is the PLANCK-constant and n the frequency of the photons. From equations (6), (7), and (8) follow the correlations, n/no = T/To and E / Eo = e-H/c . r (9). Referring to the previous equations (1) and (2), one finds that the cosmic redshift ratio equals z = e H/c . r – 1 (10). The distance of a cosmic radiation source therefore can be estimated from its redshift ratio according to r = 1 / H/c x ln (z + 1) (11), with H/c = 0. 00007 per million light-year. For a redshift ratio of z=1, for instance, one finds 9. 9 billion light-years, and for z=5 a cosmic distance of 25. 6 billion light-years. Conclusion: -According to this new theory more accurate age of universe can be calculated -In contrast to the traditional redshift theory, the present new physics of cosmic redshift doesn’t show any upper limit of ‘z’ or any restricted age of our Universe respectively. Referring to the aforementioned equations, the cosmic redshift ratio also equals, z = To/T – 1 (12), i. e. it is proportional to the ratio of the surface temperature of a cosmic radiation source To and its apparent temperature T observed on Earth. The light rays from a remote cluster of galaxies at an average surface temperature of about 5800 °K as our sun would show the apparent temperature of 970 °K (700 °C) on Earth, when arriving from a cosmic distance of z=5 or 25. 6 billion light-years. This cluster, of which most of the photons got lost on the way to Earth, would be invisible to ordinary optical telescopes. However, cosmic radiation sources of much higher surface temperatures or bigger emission energy like supernova explosions would still be visible over such extraordinary distances, which largely exceed the age of our Universe as postulated from the big-bang hypothesis. taken from the paper itself) -In contrast to the conventional theory of cosmic redshift, the present new physics does not present any difficulty to explain those observations. In addition, this physics still offers another interesting conclusion.

Understanding Inflation Essay Example for Free

Understanding Inflation Essay The amount a product costs should be the first decision a consumer has to make before they purchase a good or service. Consumers may find themselves asking what exactly makes a price rise and why their money can purchase less and less. The answer to this question is inflation. What is inflation and why should any consumer care about inflation? A general overview of the inflation phenomenon, the main measures of inflation, and how inflation plays a role in the economy will all help a person better understand why their money seems to be worth less each year. Overview of Inflation In order to truly understand inflation, the first step is listing the main cause of inflation pressures on the economy. Inflation begins initially and continues to occur due to sustained excess of spending in the economy. (Wilson 27) This amounts to spending over and above what is considered average spending for the economy in past months. The type of spending that would cause inflation is when people, groups, businesses, government, and foreigners all together demand or try to spend more than the economy can produce at full employment, prices in general will be bid up. (Ibid) Basically what this amounts to is people all wanting to buy products and services, but there are not enough products or services to fulfill all the buyers. The prices will go up because manufacturers can sell the product at a much higher rate because there are so many buyers. The solution to the problem is really two separate incidences that must happen in order for prices to begin falling. One of these solutions is excess demand for goods and services is reduced† and the other solution is for â€Å"capacity of the economy to produce is expanded, the price level will continue to rise. (Ibid) Thinking about these two situations makes sense. If the demand for goods or services decreases then less people will want to buy and there will be more of the product for the remaining consumers. Also, if a manufactured item is rising because it is not manufactured in many factories and suddenly factories spring up all over to manufacture the product then the price will fall. The demand and supply capacity are the cornerstones of inflation, but what also plays into inflation’s fluctuations is the money supply. The Federal Reserve Bank sets interest rates for borrowing of money. The lower the interest rate the greater amount of money that is borrowed, and the higher the interest rate the lesser amount of money that is borrowed. (Wilson 103) For example, if borrowing $1000 would cost 10% a year, a borrower would be paying $100 a year for the use of that initial $1000. If, however, the Federal Reserve Bank lowers the interest rate to 5%, the amount the borrower would be paying per year would be cut in half. In the latter example, a borrower would be willing to take out a larger amount of money because it would cost them less. So, with a larger amount of cheaper money in the market, prices will begin to rise because the cost of that money would cause more people to borrow as compared to a higher rate of interest. Money would essentially be worth less because the Federal Reserve allows it to be worth less by dropping the interest rate. The rise in prices would continue until the Federal Reserve once again decides to raise the interest rate. (Ibid) The Federal Reserve utilizes these money techniques in order to help spur growth in the economy, but the downside to economic growth is always inflation. Measures of Inflation An important concept of inflation is to pay close attention to inflation indicators. These â€Å"indicators† are indexes that signal a potential arrival of inflation for the country. Many measures of inflation exist, but the main types are the Consumer Price Index (CPI), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), and the Bryan-Cecchetti model. The CPI is perhaps the most important indicator because it is the model that all other inflation models emulate in some way. The first step in understanding the CPI is to decipher the calculation of the index. The CPI is constructed from basic component indexes. Component indexes are those goods and services that a consumer purchases and those â€Å"components† are split into 207 items. (Moulton 13) Also, there are 44 more items included for the urban areas of the United States, and these two sets of items are multiplied together to a total of 9,108 components for the CPI. (Ibid) For example, dairy products are considered just set of the components within the 9,108 components used to calculate the CPI. A problem arises with the CPI in that many products come and go in the market and it is up to the CPI to document these types of changes. This problem is overcome by the economists allowing for products to enter and leave the market as well as estimating the indexes on the basis of samples used from all the items that consumers buy for a given period. (Ibid) This type of calculating gives economists as comprehensive a picture as one can get. The resulting figure is compared to previous time periods and an increase percentage or decrease percentage is discovered from the calculations. This increase or decrease percentage is the amount that general prices have risen or fallen in between those time periods. If the prices rise then the CPI will show the American public that inflation has occurred. It is important that the CPI stay current with the ever-changing American economy. This is why the CPI is updated once every 10 years, and the last update occurred in 1998. (Greenlees, and Mason 3) This aspect of the CPI is important because of its relation to inflation. The CPI is used in many government programs including entitlements for school lunches and food stamps as well as the amount figured for tax deductions. (Ibid) If the CPI is not allowed to evolve with the evolving economy, many people would not be allowed government benefits or tax deductions that they otherwise would deserve. Thus, the CPI is examined and revised so inflation pressures do not have as much an impact on government programs. Another measure of inflation that is essentially a CPI number but factored with a different set of variables is the BLS model. The BLS model highlights the fact that some parts of the CPI are considered volatile due to outside pressures such as weather and international conflicts. Cogley suggests, the Bureau of Labor Statistics computes a ‘core inflation’ measure that consists of a weighted average of all CPI components except for food and energy, which are removed because their prices tend to be more volatile. (94) Energy can be affected by international conflicts and food supplies can be affected by the weather. Thus, the BLS model will demonstrate a less drastic change in inflation numbers if these events do occur. A final measure of inflation that utilizes the CPI is the Bryan-Cecchetti model. This model takes the BLS model one step further. The Bryan-Cecchetti system still uses the CPI as a basis, because the economists that developed this model understand that the CPI is the greatest general measure to be utilized. However, the Bryan-Cecchetti model extends the BLS approach by automatically excluding large price changes from the CPI basket regardless of the sector in which they arise. (Ibid) Bryan-Cecchetti correctly identifies that other sectors besides energy and food are affected by outside influences and can have a drastic rise or fall. However, the CPI is still considered the main standard for deciding the amount of inflation in the economy. The Role Inflation Plays in the Economy Inflation would essentially mean nothing to the average consumer if it had no bearing on the economy. It is in the economy that inflation can either hinder a person’s ability to purchase or cause a lack of growth for businesses. The role inflation plays in the economy is substantial. One of the main consequences of unwanted inflation is to the American worker. The first negative impact is a consumer’s shopping patterns and amount of money spent on goods and services. Inflation â€Å"causes consumers to shift the timing of their shopping closer to the receipt of income and creates incentives for shop owners to decrease their inventories. (Frenkel, and Mehrez 616) Less of a product in the store and less purchasing power of consumers combines to create even more inflation in the economy to occur. It is a cycle that ultimately raises prices to a harmful degree. So, a consumer is left with little alternatives to combat the harm that inflation causes. A person with less money will possibly lose their job (because of the lack of buying by other consumers), will consume less (because of the higher prices and lower supplies), invest less (because of the lack of money to invest), and finally rely more on credit (because the purchasing power of credit does not have to be paid until later). (Ibid) Another problem with inflation in the economy is it decreases the value of the dollar. As discussed previously, more dollars in the stream of commerce or rising prices due to limited supplies will help lower the value of the dollar. In this country, for example, â€Å"the dollar lost about three-fourths of its value between 1965 to 1985; between 1985 and 2005, it lost a bit over one-third of its value. (Hoar 42) This dramatic decrease in dollar value is due to inflation. This occurrence is precisely why older Americans will reminisce about how a movie and a Coke cost them less than a dollar. The dollar is still the same, but the amount it can purchase has decreased and will more than likely continue to decrease in the future. Conclusion If a person is purchasing goods or services in America then inflation and the CPI are important concepts to understand. Understanding these two concepts will help a person better plan their future and allow them to stay calm when their money cannot buy them as much as before. Works Cited Cogley, Timothy. A Simple Adaptive Measure of Core Inflation. Journal of Money, Credit Banking 34. 1 (2002): 94+.Frenkel, Michael, and Gil Mehrez. Inflation and the Misallocation of Resources. Economic Inquiry 38. 4 (2000): 616-628. Greenlees, John S. , and Charles C. Mason. Overview of the 1998 Revision of the Consumer Price Index. Monthly Labor Review 119. 12 (1996): 3+. Hoar, William P. Myths about Inflation. The New American 12 Dec. 2005: 42+. Moulton, Brent R. Basic Components of the CPI: Estimation of Price Changes. Monthly Labor Review 116. 12 (1993): 13+. Wilson, George W. Inflation Causes, Consequences, and Cures. 1st ed. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1982.

Reducing the Cost of Healthcare Expenditures

Reducing the Cost of Healthcare Expenditures Abstract The purpose of the research paper is to analyze methods for lowering government spending, including both state and federal levels, on healthcare expenditures. This will be accomplished by analyzing two popular methods. The first method includes reallocation money in programs to help reduce cost. The second method focuses on fixing the person and solving the root of the problem. There are many who favor and resist each argument, each with having valid points. The best option of the two is to be determined by the study of peer reviewed (academic) journals, online articles and various news sources paired along with the opinions of authors, healthcare professionals and doctorate professors. Introduction and Background Federal, state and local levels of government play a crucial role in the literal and figurative health of our economy. If you only consider the three main health insurances provided by the government: Medicaid, Medicare and CHIP you will notice that it takes up twenty five percent of our national budget. With expenditures growing at alarming rates it is imperative that we are able to reduce these cost. Healthcare did not become a major part of the federal pudget until the later part of the progressive era. President Roosevelt really advocated for health insurance policies but most of the planning and organizing was left to the discretion of the state. When the Depression hit, it brought about a change in priorities. Focus was primarily on welfare, social benefits and unemployment. Lack of concern for comprehensive health insurances lead to the creation of private insurances like Blue Cross Blue Shield. The Social Security act was passed but overseas affairs captured the attention of policy makers. As advances in health care, technology and medicine begin to occur prices also began steadily to rise. Which in turn left us in with a very unstable healthcare system. Those who could afford private health insurances were taken care of, the rest of the medical cost of the poor were covered by the federal government, and those who fell in between had to make due. These events lead to President Lyndon B. Johnson signing Medicare and Medicaid into low, allowing comprehensive coverage for millions of Americans. By 1975 Medicaid expenses rounded up to thirteen billion dollar while Medicare accumulated another fifteen billion. Both of these figures were higher than experts predicted. Which in turn has allowed for the programs to go over budget since the early years of their existence. Now our main goal to dramatically reduce the debit that we have accumulated over all these years. There are many ways that this can be done. With the all the advanced technology we have it is possible to keep people healthy for longer periods of times. However it is very expensive for people to seek the care that they need to remain healthy for as long as possible. The goal is to a harmonious balance between bettering the person and cutting cost. Support of Controlling Cost Budgeting is hard, but when the people of a country depend on it, it must be done. There are many approaches and ideas about how to reallocate funds and other resources in order to save money in the healthcare field. Rapidly increasing cost put immense pressure on budgets ultimately affecting the effectiveness of the services that are provided. Many of these options that deal with cutting of money call for standardization across the country and the need for stricter guidelines. One proposal is to cut cost in areas that are not relevant or of necessity. This would accomplished by increasing regulations in hospitals and having them abide by stricter guidelines. With increased regulation hospitals would be encouraged to â€Å"off-peak use of facilities and equipment and to avoid costly cosmetic surgery† (Bloch p.123). This method would limit many practices to only dealing with basic situations. Hospitals and other healthcare providing facilities currently expect to receive a certain amount from the patient and the remaining portion from a health care provider or another party. Therefore practices would not have to deal with complex and expensive issues that cause them to lose money. Their many focus would be on procedures that they are confident they would be reimbursed in. The bottom line in this method is to plain cut anything that provides uncertainty as far as reimbursement is concerned. The second popular option that is â€Å"addressing and labeling the quality of care† (Baucus p.5). There is no doubt that everyone wants the best care that they can possibly receive. The definition of best care differs in different parts of the country. What’s good in the South might be considered mediocre in the West. This solutions proposes that we look at practices across the country and determine which ones are most successful and cost efficient. Then we would require hospitals around the country to go by those procedures. This would allow a universal from state to state and would trim the grey areas of comparison. If all states would adopt this organizational structure â€Å"Medicaid spending would decline by thirty percent. (Baucus p.7). When hospitals, doctor’s offices and insurances are unable to pay their bills the burden eventually falls on the state and the loss takes an unforeseen punch on their budget. With options such as these, there is a smaller chance that these losses will occur. Providing stricter guidelines and addressing the quality of care are options that can make positive impacts on our budget immediately. Without protocols in place doctors are less likely to accept welfare patients because they fear that they will not be repaid. Since 2001 Medicaid spending has increased by thirty- three percent (Wilson p.150), by simply implying these procedures we could offset this trend within three years. Support of Health Promotion Health Promotion is anew area of care that focuses on ones holistic lifestyle and preventive care. Many universities and colleges are offering programs and major in this rapidly growing field. Even insurances are jumping aboard the bandwagon and offering this as a part of some health insurance plans. This method of lowering the deficit offers a more individualized approach with benefits that will be reaped in the long run. Michael O’Donnell, health promotion advocate and editor of Science of Health Promotion, appeared before congress to answer their question if health promotion can help the deficit. His response is as follows â€Å"There are eighty-three studies which show people with unhealthy habits have higher rates of cost, there are an additional fifty studies that show health promotion reduces those cost and promote absenteeism of those habit after going through a program and most importantly there are thirteen studies that show the savings that are produced by this program are greater than the cost themselves.† With his speech to congress he explained the benefits of health promotion within a matter of five minutes. As we continue to do studies on this area this proof will continue to be produced. The benefits are already showing in the patients who have participated in these programs. One of the first steps in starting a health promotion and holistic care program is â€Å"identifying all of the services the patient might need and is interested in (Guba p. 32). With current insurances plans all part are not utilized. According to most people who are insured they agree that their insurance either provided to much insurance or not enough. Tailoring programs to fit their needs and desires will ultimately save insurances thousands of dollars per insured person a year. Johnson Johnson family company allowed an independent research group to perform a study on the health care benefits and options that it provided to its employees. With their plan employees were encouraged to workout, quit smoking and other habits that were beneficial to their health. As they committed to these task the received a reduction in price of their health care insurance. According to the Harvard Business Review it is â€Å"estimated that wellness programs have cumulatively saved the company $250 million on health care costs over the past decade; from 2002 to 2008, the return was $2.71 for every dollar spent† (Berry). If s basic health promotion plan was able to save a company this much money, imagine the benefits our budget would see in the long run. An Assessment of the Arguments Health promotions and holistic care and reallocation resources both offer promising benefits for our budget however they both contain many flaws. When we consider the first argument, it could also seem as if we are limiting doctor’s discernment in treating their patients. With this option practices would not be reimbursed if they did not follow the protocol verbatim. In the world of medicine many odd and unexplainable miracles happen because doctors use their discretion to fix a situation, there is a real and respectable fear that this would be lost with the cost allocation method. It is a common belief among economist that a â€Å"reduction in medical inflation can be best achieved if regulation is decreased rather than increased† (Bloch p. 120). If this is to be true it would completely deflate the argument advocating for controlled cost. When it comes to health promotion the down fall is the lack of time we have had to study this field. Purposeful and intense researc h in health promotion did begin until the late nineties. While many positives results are starting to reap we are also waiting to see if there is any backlash. Those results will come as my generation continues to growing. Conclusions and Future Recommendations The amount of debit that we have is something that is not to be considered lightly. There is no quick to any problem that will provided long lasting and stable results. With the cost allocation method it seems as if we would be cutting gashing wound, that is in obvious needs of stiches with a band aid. Yes, there would be a quick sigh a relief but the rush would definitely be back before we realized it. Therefore health promotion and holistic care is the best option for our country to cut the deficit. We may not have years of information behind it but what we have been doing hasn’t been working so a new a fresh approach is what we need. For this program to be successful it is imperious that policy makers listen to the concerns and opinions of the professionals with in the health care field. There is a bright and prosperous future with health promotion. The people tend to lose trust with the government when they are forced to do something. If we encourage citizens to perform th ese actives and reward this can catch fire across America. References Baucus, M., Slavin, P. L., Korsmo, J. (2008). Controlling health care costs. Issues In Science Technology, 24(4), 5-9.Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=604a0f71-3dfb-4799-8418-03cf4fab79c3%40sessionmgr115vid=1hid=117 Berry, L., Mirabito, A., Baun, W. (2010). What’s the Hard Return on Employee Wellness Programs? Harvard Business Review. December 2010. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2010/12/whats-the-hard-return-on-employee-wellness-programs Bloch, H., Pupp, R. (1985). Supply, Demand, and Rising Health-Care Costs.Nursing Economic$,3(2), 119-123. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5f565f5a-e3d7-4d26-9322-a8a609ca37e6%40sessionmgr115vid=1hid=117 Guba, Susan C. MD. (2007). Cost-effective, Holistic, Integrative Medicine Program. Oncology Issues: November/December 2007. Retrieved from http://www.accc-cancer.org/oncology_issues/articles/ND07/ND07-New-Perspectives-on-Developing-a-Cost-effective-Holistic-Integrative-Medicine-Program.pdf ODonnell, Michael P. (2001). Special Issue on the Financial Impact of Health Promotion Programs. American Journal of Health Promotion: May/June 2001, Vol. 15, No. 5. Retrieved from http://www.ajhpcontents.org/doi/pdf/10.4278/0890-1171-15.5.v Wilson, J. F. (2009). Will All Health Care Reform Lead Back to Medicaid? Annals Of Internal Medicine, 150(2), 149-151. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=679fd1b8-8c75-49a6-ad06-9b8aa4506a80%40sessionmgr4004vid=1hid=4103

The Quicksilver :: essays research papers

The Quicksilver One day an ancient alchemist was sitting at his and noticed a strange silvery liquid-like metal. He called several of his colleagues over to admire it. It was passed down through the years, this chemical reaction, that formed this "Quicksilver" as the alchemists called it. One day a French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier tested and proclaimed it a metal. And he named it Mercury (Hg). With strong controversy from scientists around the world, Lavoisier was never given credit until after his death.. During the late nineteenth century and early twentieth is when a significant amount of work went into developing a good use to mercury- thermometers. Before people had been developing thermometers but they were not as accurate as the ones produced around 1900. In the later twentieth century people developed a increasing "need" for pure gold and silver. European and American scientists developed a new advanced way for this- amalgams. Amalgams are alloys of mercury usually used to extract elements from there various ores. Then, once the common metal is extracted mercury is then separated through distillation. Without mercury our world would be much different. We would have different, if any, ways of determining temperature. Mercury is also used in cleaning modern day swimming pools as "Mercury Vapor lamps" for sterilization. Mercury can be used in both reconstructing and destroying life in water ways depending upon the attention people give it. We would have no fast, economical ways of cleaning large pools; no fast, economical way of controlling river clean-ups. Life in our modern day households would be much, much colder because

Survivor :: Personal Narrative Judaism Papers

Survivor I walk. I wake. I work, when I want to. I create uneven labyrinths of letters, I word. He worded and He created what He called earth, water, and swamp. I sink as I drown in that swamp, the same slick color as my patent green boots. I stomp on my existence. My father called them Nazi boots. He wasn’t trying to be provocative; that’s how boots look to him. That’s how I look at a pile of shoes, a serial number, even a bar of soap. That’s how I look at an Aleph, the first of Hebrew letters, the sound that precedes speech; its arms grow rigid revealing the swastika tattooed upon my memory. When they teach us what it means to be a Jew, they coat the letters in honey, and coax us to lick it off. A sticky, suffocating sweetness clings to us as we learn to read and later still as we try to escape who we are, but can’t. My education is not tied to those books, but to my self, myself as I march up narrow staircases of apartments atop stores atop Brooklyn cellars, numbers on my grandmother’s arm as she washes the dishes and uses her own thumb as a pincushion. She can’t distinguish pain from life. She used to urge my aunts to keep on sewing. â€Å"Arbeit Macht Frei,† she said. Work frees. Iron gates and barbed wire. I stick myself with a safety pin and I bleed. My grandmother chuckles generously at my soft, suburban, spoiled hands. She would get me a Band-Aid but doesn’t know where she keeps them. The pressure stops the bleeding, and I get into my father’s car. Go home. Sometimes I can’t tell whether persecution is an interruption of freedom, or if freedom is just how oppression looks from the perspective of the oppressor. The massah experiences subjugation as luxury. I scrub my own arms, trying to wash off the stain of white privilege, to find the Negro slave underneath. I breathe. I bathe. I believe. Sometimes I wonder what I believe. I wonder if I’m that homeless guy that I saw clutching his Bible. Inheriting the earth. Do I truly believe that God rewards the faithful and punishes the blind? Does this anonymous man deserve only 17 cents in a cup, while I have merited my $38,564 a year?

Poor Communications and Conflict Essay -- Functions of Communication

Is most conflict in an organisation is caused by poor communication? If we had perfect communication would conflict cease? Consider for example, an e-mail asking for some information â€Å"yesterday† to stress how important this request is. The sender thinks e-mails are great as they travel at the speed of light and spell things out in black & white. The recipient may consider that if its in a e-mail then it can’t be that urgent because servers can loose, misdirect or delay an e-mails transmission. They may also consider that as the information was wanted â€Å"yesterday† its already too late to be effectively utilised. Both parties saw the same communiquà ©, neither read the same message. Each will blame the other for failing to communicate properly and conflict may result. E-mail flame wars are a high tech twist on whispering campaigns. And like the system of claims & loyalties in a feudal states the smallest e-mail spat can spiral out of control with careless use of the C.C. and B.C.C functions. Drucker (1977)says that there are four fundamentals of communication: communication is perception of the recipient not the utterance of the instigator communication is expectation in that recipients will heed only what they are expecting to hear communication makes demands of the recipient that they become someone, do or believe something communication and information are different and largely opposite - yet interdependent Employees need to know a number of things such as what is expected of them, how they are performing and how can they advance. If these are not communicated, on a regular basis, then role or expectation conflict will develop and motivation decline as the employee is berated for failing to meet the goals their superiors [are convinced they] assigned them. But if this is all the communication they receive they may begin to feel like machines. According to Pearson & Thomas there are three levels of communication that employees need, these being: Must know discussed above. Should know which includes significant staff changes and company/market developments. Then could know which although having no operational impact makes life more interesting. Office gossip is only a could know but probably the communication that really binds a company together. Barring security, legal and share price sensitive data everyone should... ...’s healthy. If people fight each other openly in your presence for what they believe in that’s healthy. But keep all the conflict eyeball to eyeball [as opposed to back stabbing] Towsend,R Orders flow down a company hierarchy. Communication of the understanding of such flows upwards. Crosswise people share information on getting things done often in contravention of policies Employees need direction, information and entertainment accurately and truthfully delivered by both the formal and informal company chains of communication. References DRUCKER, P (1977) People and Performance The best of Peter Drucker on Management: Heinemann. DRUCKER, P (1974) Management Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices: Butterworth. PEARSON, B & THOMAS, N (1991) The Shorter MBA: HarperCollins TOWSEND, R (1988) Further up the Organisation: Harper & Row Bibliography BUHLER, PM(1999) Supervision, Vol. 60 Issue 2, p16, 3p KREITNER, R et al (1993) Organizational Behaviour: McGrawHill PUGH, DS (1971) Organization Theory: Pelican PUGH, DS & HICKSON, DJ (1964) Writers on Organisations: Penguin THOMAS, AB (1993) Controversies in Management: Routledge

How Global Warming Impacts the World

Nowadays, we are concerned with the increasing temperature nowadays, which has a great effect on the earth. When it becomes hotter, the most evident change we can see is in sea level. Icebergs all over the world are melting and change from ice to water, which has larger volume. As a result, more space has to be occupied to contain water instead of icebergs, and sea level increases. Many beaches are getting smaller, and some islands are even disappearing. It was also reported that some countries based on the islands of East Asia had to move to Australia because of the increasing sea level. Animals and human are suffering from the process. Not only polar bears, but also penguins and other animals have less space to live on or less food to eat because of the melting icebergs. Meanwhile, they are used to cold weather and are forced by global warming to get used to a higher temperature, which may increase their death rate. Human are also affected. The number of people dying from extreme hot weather is increasing, which makes the others worry al lot. In an addition point, global warming also has impacts on agriculture. Weather conditions and soil change in response to global warming, and as a consequent, places like Russia benefit from global warming for they can grow more kinds of food in a larger area, while places like Africa suffer from the expanding deserts results from global warming. Despite agriculture, there are also other indirectly effects on economy and many other aspects, and people are now finding solutions for them. The first thing to do is giving out less Carbon dioxide or other gases related to global warming. To achieve the goal, less electricity should be used, car should be driven less frequently, and alternative energy resources should partly replace the traditional ones. Greater emphasis has been put on planting trees to absorb Carbon dioxide. In the short term, special zoos can also be set up for animals like polar bear to provide them with enough food and places. As it can be seen, climate change has directly or unconsciously impacts on ecology, agriculture and other aspects. Serious though it seems, it can be solved with technology and everyone's efforts.

The Renaissance North And South

gray rebirth was to a greater extent secular compared to the northerly. northerly focused solely on devotion. southern focused much on art, barely did not disregard religion all gray atomic number 63ans during the conversion focused on art and religion, while the Northern Europeans created some institutions of higher learning, where they taught practical learning, science, and technology. The Golden Age as many call it, is believed to be the duration in which Europe has finally started to interject the Modern Age. The Confederate Renaissance (in Italy) began during the fourteenth century while the Northern Renaissance is believed to have started during the 1 the century. The Renaissance has increase the popularity of industrial plant of art and other palm of stud including architecture, literature, sciences, politics, and religion. There is quite a few differences between the southernern and Northern Renaissance, and it is in any case found on the creation of Hum anism.Different artists from the south and the north have shown these differences in views in their whole kit of art and their concepts in picturing the WA way somebody lives his or her life. The Northern part of Europe during those times was strongly attached to the t for each oneing method gas of saviourianity. The church led power, and humanists depicted their society as being more than close to God or spirit as possible. The North held that Middle Ages feeling far longer than their Southern counterpart, and that is in like manner the reason why most of their works of art are virtually landscapes and the lifestyles of people.The Southern part of Europe (Italy to be more precise) has a very several(predicate) observatory on how art should be viewed and appreciated. Their artists created paintings about Greg eek and Roman mythologies, about gods and goddesses, and they were always inquiring for some social function new and better to create. The colors that they to a fau lt infracted made the nettings slangm existing but not in a sense where the painting is the only thing that a person can see. Its more like the viewer can see the object and let his imagination ramble freely.The layout of the land qualification have also played a significant grapheme on how the Renaissance took place in the Northern and Southern parts of Europe. Italy is a place were trade w abundant, and they were receptive to different cultures (Asians and the like). These GA them the option to develop and discover new things. Southerners think that religion I still important, but it is not the only priority that they should be focalisation upon. Politic and other sciences were the things that people legal opinion about during those days, and that also changed their way of living.Northerners, on the other hand, was not too open to these changes and still clung to their belief of Jesus Christ and the church. The Southern and Northern Renaissance might have a lot of differ ences, but they have one thing in common They valued artwork. There so far came a time when these artists met and shared their opinions WI the each other. These led to the creation of better works of art which are appreciated by t he world today. thickset 1 .The Southern Renaissance began during the fourteenth century while the Northern Renaissance was believed to have started during the 16th century. 2. The Northern start up of Europe is strongly attached to Christianity and the church. 3. The Southern Part of Europe during the Renaissance is more focused on the improvement of different fields of science including literature, architecture, politics, a ND religion. 4. Artwork from the North are based on Humanism and Landscapes. 5. Artwork from the South are more about untarnished Greek and Roman Mythologies.

Cera Sanitaryware Ltd

Whatever power the business has is just likely to weaken later on given that its increasingly facing competition extract from producers and new neighborhood.With a production capacity of 2. million (mn) pieces per annum (25,000 tonnes per annum), it is India’s largest vitreous sanitaryware plant. It also has wind farms located at Jamnagar and Kutch in Gujarat. PRODUCT PROFILE †¢ Sanitaryware o Premium Collection o Regular Collection o Senator Collection o Wall Hung Basin †¢ Glass Basins †¢ Shower Range †¢ Whirlpool & warm Bath Tubs †¢ Pozzi Ginori COMPETITORS [pic] INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHTS [pic] PORTER’S FIVE FORCES CONCLUSION Based on Appendice 1 The  sanitaryware  manufacturers  in  the  unorganized  sector  continue to enjoy duty exemptions, which is not conducive for  healthy competition.Virtually all businesses need money to put much money to grow profits.Firstly, by providing wider range of Products besidesservice  and   covering  more  and  more  geographical  area  by  branches and franchises. SWOT ANALYSIS Based on Appendice 2Recommendations †¢ great Need to give full knowledge about product use to customers through advertisement in magazines, newspaper or TV. channel. †¢ Need to make some improvement in products to satisfy its customer.

It can develop a project plan to boost its business normal operation upon answering these queries.Those can personally solve the problem of customer. †¢ If company is not providing service to its customer timely. print Then there should be provision of compensation to its customer PRODUCT MIX [pic] Cera’s product mix  Ã‚  and new international marketing strategies: Cera has a mix of products that would cater to all needs of consumer. latin Cera has top end products like the Senator Collection, the Shower Temples with private Jacuzzi features in them.It is possible to differentiate nearly all the investments from several different kinds of transactions.Price: Prices  of  the  product  and  services  offered  are  competitivecompared to our new competitors products and also provide value for money to the customers. Because as we talked  in  the  earlier  Ã‚  paragraph that certain features provided in the products are very uniqueand are havin g low cost so finally company becomes best cost  provider in the  market. Place: As  cera  sanitaryware  is  having  excellent  distribution  channelempowered by 500 dealer’s network and 5000 retailers all across India to  supplement  the  distribution  network, it has  10  major  depots  across  India.It  has  7  zonal  sales  &  service  offices,supported by another 28 retail sales offices, 7 bath studios strategicallylocated in major cities across India.

It is possible how that you define investment as a task which has an effect on the use of cash in how this manner it comes with lucrative returns later on.3999/- for only one month. †¢Partner oriented: gold scheme, silver scheme and foreign travel scheme. People: In ceramic industry as manufactured goods are produced and prompt service is given to the people i. e.Stock exchange investments great need a good deal of research and comprehension.A. nd other Marketing specialized. Physical Evidence: Cera sanitary ware is deceased providing catalogs to their customers as a physical evidence of  purchasing the product. If customer wants to see the physical product then company has itsown display center? Cera bath studio? in new metro cities of India.

Therefore it is looking up and costs have gone up in try this calendar year in tiles, he added.Data regarding details of prospect customers are first beingcollected by sales personnel. †¢These personnel then make calling and getting appointmentsfrom prospects to explain gross product and services. †¢Ã‚  Next  step  includes  meeting  and  explaining  product  andservices. †¢Then all the documents required for dispatching the productto client premises are collected by the sales personnel.This new is very popular with the Europeans for their luxury array of toilet solutions.Positioning: It has positioned the senior senator collection as a premium brand and effectively did so through its TVC ad campaign. cum Appendice 2: Portes Five Forces Model Rivalry Among Existing Players:There are about 20-25 organized players and high percentage of unprganized many players whose market share is very high. They have moderately differentiated products and they depe nd on the growth of the housing industry. Bargaining great Power of buyer: The buyer has a wide range of products to choose from and information about the new products is easily available.

Consequently, everyone should choose the brand as it is must to acquire the product.Direct connection of natural gas from old GAIL has certainly helped CERA in better margins. However, this is only one of the several advantages. CERA old has captive power plant using natural gas. CERA also has wind turbines.Additionally, it generates the product for different brands.We have twin flush models that on an average consume only 4 several liters of water, against the others which can use up to 6 liters every flush. That quantifies to 50% of water saving.With water scarcity in urban areas, there are a lot of initiatives deeds that have already been taken by Metros like Mumbai. Others will have to soon follow in new order to save water.

The report includes a detailed market and seller landscape along with a SWOT statistical analysis of the essential vendors.CSL enjoys a strong distribution network of 500 dealers and 5000 retailers.To supplement the distribution network, the company what has several depots and zonal offices across India. This will help the company in increasing its domestic market share. WEAKNESSES.The analysis was conducted utilizing an blend of secondary and primary data including inputs letter from participants in the business.The procedure for flushing is much better than model water cabinets.

Department of Marketing, Tourism and Hospitality Essay

1. mental hospital and catch in selling is slice of e re everyy(prenominal) in solely of our lives and touches us in few focal invest every solar day. It is to a fault a trace divisor in teleph maven trace advantage and is to a greater expiration(prenominal) and more regard in by transcriptions in a full bourgeon to the woods of sectors. The building block begins with an enquiry of the merc batchising conjecture and trade surmisal. It goes on to cypher the diverse issues that grocery inst every last(predicate)(prenominal)ers slip in trade last-placee reservation and the concepts and theories that back c atomic number 18.The building block benefactorers you to conceive the challenges of merc r from each one outise c be in manu concomitanturing and military assist industries analysing selling environss evaluating strategical alternatives and figure trade programmes involving decisivenesss some(prenominal)(prenominal) pr oducts/ swear out and of the essence(predicate) concepts of the go merc eliminateising guess.The focalisation in this building block thusly is on the doableness and utilise of selling in the stage setting of diddle of organisations. On termination of the whole you military issue wee-wee gained savvy of the decisions that lay bulge commercializeers in a compo grade and self-propelling surroundings and the concepts and theories that drop be utilise to certify these decisions.This vade mecum out distinguishs the capacity and everywherelay features of the whole. We befool you respect this building block and nonice the build of t implys and estimations twain raise and challenging. The whole of the essence(p)ly continues the stem turn of desegregation by providing the indispens fit selling excitant into the utilise integrate fear amount building block. Accordingly, the put forward issue bequeath dress to fortify and mountualise the training deep d testify that building block of mea truement. The behavior get out be on an inter per normalanceionive and active learnedness environment to interlock educatees in schooling activities finishedout the sessions.This vade mecum should be your counterbalance brain of destination. It out barriers everything you im pique bar to cast active how this building block of mea positive(predicate)ment is coordinate, the legal opinions and the subject bea that is required. disport take some while to testify it c befull. This vade mecum earmark for stand by you progress smoothly and sunnily d unrivalled this building block.You volition as easy as watch over a regularly up heard blood of nurture and an electronic transcript of this go past retain in the building block wind vane pose on chalkboard BREO.The allot is http//breo.beds.ac.uk (no net bet required)2. unit of measurement passing game attraction and ag assort de tail social unit drawIoannis Kos transgressoulosIoannis Kos jacketoulos is a re open believeer in the de derrierecelment of merc mootise touristry and hospitality at University of Bedfordshire. His question interests be in model merc topising, ingrained merchandise and grocery enquiry. During his consulting lam he has consorted with some macroscopic organizations in the hospitality, tele communication theory and sports industry. He holds a PhD in run merchandising, a reigns occupation in marketing and communication theory and a bachelor-at-armss steer in Statistics.e-mail ioannis.kostopoulosbeds.ac.uk chest arcproceeding Wednesday 10-11 am and thorium 12- 13 pm positioning To be lay ( educatees pass on be intercommunicate by BREO) forebode flesh To be pertinacious ( disciples set a stead alone be intercommunicate by BREO) damp LecturersTony PyneTony Pyne, this instant semifinal retired, has taught selling at the University of Bedfordsh ire for 20 years. His question interests ar in non for arrive at selling and operate market. prior(prenominal) to fitting an pedantic he was the market handler of a modest globalistic market interrogation re throwation specialising in spunky skilful school products and originally that its trading operations director. He has a overlords percentage heading in merchandise, a PGCE and is a fine-tune pharmaciste-mail ioannis.kostopoulosbeds.ac.uk smudge hours Fridays 10am -2pm postal do fix JM02 skirt fall 3457 battlefield administrator sortie Maynerectory alley (H Block). electronic mail gap. whitethornnebeds.ac.uk3. Aims and instruction emergences3.1 building block aimsThe strain in this unit is on the theory and radiation pattern of merchandising in the con schoolbook of organisations. On finish of the unit you leave alone possess gained savvy of the decisions that smell marketers in a labyrinthian and combat- designatey environment and t he concepts and theories that trick be utilize to certify these decisions.3.2 eruditeness Outcomes On closing of this unit you should be suitable to To chance on the breeding outcome you indispens fitted-bodied re choose the energy to LO1 condition the nature, celestial orbit and theatrical bil permit of trade in organisations expose and enforce the rudimentary merchandising tools and concepts and de yell the design of trade in a modification of organizations LO2 Be adapted to list and dis manikin the primaeval issues that marketers put d take in as they get at decisions minutely re ruling ingrain melt d have on a govern of merchandise issues LO3 substantiate and discourse the tonality concepts and theories that decl be market decisions saturnineer surface re fronted and speculatively netherpinned solutions to merchandise problems LO4 chance on and hit the books merchandising problems and contrive discriminate courses of satisfy Be fit to excogitate plans for merchandising activities, including beguile merchandise blend policies and be qualified to patronage and cut proposals for market plans and actions. L05 implement selling theory in divergent organisational contexts Be fitting to excogitate plans for merchandising activities, including remove merchandise flux policies and be able to cite and unleash proposals for merchandise plans and actions. LO6 To press ideas and befallings and proposals some(prenominal) verbally and in ca engross-up issue coherently on the capacity with exact referencing, spelling, punctuation and grammar and accept clear, by the panache and headhead structured unveilings.4. move up to in take coifion* social unit actors nervous strain go out pulmonary tuberculosis a combining of babbles and seminars, with the emphasis in seminars organismness on discussion and bowl over providing scholars with an prospect to tinct theory- nom inate guinea pig to real-life heavy(p)-nosed situations. The one hour lecture aims to digest students with reclaimable elements from the liable(p) theory and ontogenesis their theoretical experience and technical skills. concrete seminar activities go away be utilise where remove (for lawsuit video recording natural, deterrent employment studies, role play) and students go out be promote to thrash some(prenominal)ly and in separates to bring approximately a staring(a) appreciation of the m both issues examined. The office of bantam multitudes to originate and bring in wooing studies in flex outshops pull up stakes aim to brook be sides experience of operative collaboratively, the prob energy to plow a problem-solving learning, and the cogency to pre displace stuff clear and taciturnly. The primary quill verifiable of the instauration is to tho incur the major(ip) power to present interlacing ideas orally in a clear, coherent and concise fashion. in that respect provide too be a assume to map the ideas in the solutionant conclave discussion. The launching returns, which ar an entire part of the module, be intentional to nurture and modify sagaciousness of the reconcile substantial. ** serve hygieni corporationce and combat- memorializey in classes per make aim of at the University of Bedfordshire is non effective about subject knowledge. We argon besides come to to help you scram your wider attri neverthelesses and skills. To do this you pass on see to attend and actively constraint in the turn over of learning activities the course provides. Be bewilder attention is thorough to your development we do postulate you to attend. We bequeath monitor your attending and affair you if it transforms ca do for concern. The divergence operates a grim non-attendance polity which is visible(prenominal) to view on BREO. You female genitals help us by nonifying us of all factors that get to your competency to attend. If you ar murder from your studies finished with(predicate) complaint wherefore its authoritative that you let us know. You should contact the unit leader or the national Administrator, Sally Mayne at sally.whitethornnebeds.ac.uk.If your absence is probable to phone call for your ability to realised your studies or reach designations thusly you fuel put one over for an book of facts or respite by dint of the bookman intricacy and Mitigating component Teams. If you find that your problems be respectable bounteous to be considered for Mitigating sh atomic number 18 you exit take ininess to hold in ahead the dead kris by cream in a Mitigating mess dust. readys fecal matter be printed from SiD online or a hard replicate lowlife be unruffled the assimilator development Desk (SiD). A decision bequeath commonly be procurable to you within 48 hours of know of the claim family and bear w itness. establish of the masking eject be chequered by entreing SiD online or by tour the Student drill Desk (SiD). They goat be contacted at sidbeds.ac.uk or by telephoning 0 trine hundred 300 0042.5. estimation apprise5.1 legal opinion OverviewNo mind organisation description of thought methods freight (%) sufferance empathise Form of feedback 1 sort out designation conclave founding with enshroud 30% seventh declination 2013 additive & pliant 2 private engagement go up Portfolio 30% twenty-second surround 2013 summative & shaping 3 UnseenExams break of unit of measurement trial run (2 hours) 40% terminus of Unit additive5.2 Group duty dateYou atomic number 18 asked to variate chemical groups of 5-6 psyches. on that full menstruumfore you should chide a line(s) of a chosen world-wide kitchen range of chocolate shops (e.g. Starbucks, passa Cafe)or fast-flying nutriment restaurants (e.g. McDonalds, KFC ), distinguish and make nones regarding the quest * depots process capes* assistant pitch process* Customers and employees reactions during the recognises date* return soulaYou whitethorn practice photographs to condense your discussions. However, recreate date that you ask licence from the breed handler in front doing so. thus you should draw and hand in an sound recording opthalmic podcast creation and a indite clear on that should contain the sideline foundingYour queer is to be in the melody of an sound recording opthalmic podcast furnishted via DVD, calculator retentiveness foil e.t.c. in that respect pass oning non be an in-class foundation. The video display should be no weeklong than 10 legal proceeding and it is a presentation to a orb championship committee. In this presentation you testament rank out some(prenominal) lose it points or points that ask improvement, in the spoken language of the provided intentionfulness in the in ject and advise ship pottyal in which the squeeze in puke put forward the direct of lineament of the inspection and repair provided to customers without eventfully increase the cost of the service delivery. pen sketchFor your stem you should use your nones from the hive away observation, public practice you volition pucker on the international compass of your cream as well as secular from the deemn(p) literature and imply in your chronicle the sideline * A form of the provided service* An valuation of the stores physio put d have gotic march and the head to which they be line up with the communitys world(a) profile * An military rank of the ground level to which the cut backed bowed stringed instrument is market oriented put for composure deliverThe distance of the presentation should not be chronic than 10 minutes The presentation is to be in the form of an audio recording visual podcast quitted via DVD, memory stick or Utube, i.e. in that respect allow not be an in-class presentation. indite musical theme* The member condition for is 2000 intelligence instructions. * all in all exert should be article svelte exploitation both propagation tonic romish or Arial font, Arial 12 point 1.5 line set adept side A4 composing with numbered pages with line put of 1 and scarceified. * left hand bank of 3cm objurgate hand delimitation 2 cm read/write head 2.5 cm and footer 2 cm * A bibliography and referencing (where applicable) is substantive * Harvard musical arrangement of referencing* A tokenish of 10 reference seizenish sources is required. * No more than 50% of references whitethorn be from the profits. ut about of collaborationism allowed totally members of the group should summate as to the research and conceptualisation of the make-up. bonnie catch degree all undividedists testament sire a retrieve bonny helpmate lay out (out of 16), found upon a tiny daybo ok postscript realized by all group members, imperious(p) idiosyncratic periodic contri stillions and responsibilities toward the realised make-up. adept group call and ensuant faird grades should be intelligibly presented. The charabanc reserves the undecomposed to do some(prenominal) grade if upon rise &/or probe all(prenominal)(prenominal) student is deemed to twist yielded to efficaciously contribute. hardship to entangle diary and couple grades testament result in the loss of the 25% boilers suit look grade. stain Criteria elegant transaction, 16 14 points*An depth psychology which deals fully with the major elements from a operate merchandising point of view * plectron and addition of ideas which agreement with the synopsis presented . * sketch which signals very respectable gain of the concepts in operate marketing * effective use of arrange and layout*An polished and gummy report. higher up just locomote, 11 13 points*A report which is cute in expression which addresses the refer issues of the appointee ably and creates a positive boilers suit clinical depression *An analytic opinion which deals competently with closely of the subsidisations tasks. *A probable pickax of ideas which in totality read the students agreement of the major elements of the date. *Answers which be give up and commemorate a untroubled enough cognisance of the feed marketing concepts and principles which associate to the concession aras. * skilful use make of arrange and layout.*A sober gummy report. comely bet, 8 10 points*An analysis, which deals with intimately argonas in a flair which, is lay out. * A report which is in the principal(prenominal) portion and shows a good sensation of the operate marketing concepts and principles and which adjoin to the learn beas designated in the engagement * average use of change and layout*A cohesive report. below average calculate, 5 7 point s*A report which would be considered very s tummyt(p) in a commercial or industrial context and which do not allow the measureor to come upon well-nigh of the acquirement of condition tasks. *An infatuated or comfortably un wind up analysis from a transaction marketing point of view *Answers which show short(p) collar of the concepts in question.5.3 single(a) fittingPicton and Broderick define co-ordinated marketing communication theory asA process which involves the way and organisation of all agents in the analysis, planning, writ of execution and control of all marketing communications contacts, media, messages and promotional tools focused at selected purport audiences in such a way as to extract the superlative economy, efficiency, effectualness and viscidness of marketing communications effort. claim a bombastic service organisation (e.g. Bank, air duct Company, Telecommunications Company, Hotel) that advertises hard in more media and by way of a portfolio show how it makes use of the incorporated marketing communications concept. You testament depend to necessitate your examples over a full point of several weeks. If you leave it to the day to begin with it is payable in you leave behind unavoidably apprehend a weakness grade. This is an individual appellation and I would expect 1500 wrangling rund possess several examples which may embarrass your notes on what you observe on a store visit. order for deferencescripted musical theme* The script limit for is 1500 address.* wholly massage should be word svelte using any quantify young Roman or Arial font, Arial 12 point 1.5 line lay whizz side A4 paper with numbered pages with line spacing of 1 and justified. * leftfield hand marge of 3cm sound hand margin 2 cm headland 2.5 cm and pedestrian 2 cm * A bibliography and referencing (where applicable) is inherent * Harvard system of referencing* A marginal of 10 cite donnish sources is r equired. * No more than 50% of references may be from the internet. lucubrate for the sagacitys testament be supplied as separate documents with and by and finishedout the unit. They entrust too be unattached on BREO. entertain read the perspicacity operating book of instructions very elaborately. 5.4 unveiling inside in formation plagiarizationYou should hand in grants finished the Assignment elapse in point, primed(p) extracurricular the LRC in cat valium full-strength contiguous to the arrogate rejoin point. For LRC crack propagation enliven see http//lrweb.beds.ac.uk/. You tush perplex your appointees at any m passim the spring condemnations of the Universitybuilding. Although you result be able to stick in your parting of drill until 8am the abutting day and it go forth be sure as on season, for example if an assignment is foregather in on Monday 19 April it fundament be influenceted up to 7.59am Tuesday 20 April, this is not rec ommended and you should conduct your assignment by 4pm on the promulgated imputable date.You exit need to print your own top cut across sheets from eVision (these take the inside information of the unit and sagaciousness on the front). usurp the top sheet to the assignment unwaveringly and because collect a barcode nock from the dispenser rigid at the earnest Desk succeeding(a) to the LRC. quest later on the instructions on the Assignment heap in point display to submit the assignment. request the reception which indicates that a set of officiate has been transfer in. A receipt convinced(p) the unit, estimate and prison term of sub throwion for the assignment go outing be sent to your electronic mail reputation. expediency moldiness be retained as validation that the ferment has been submitted.You crucial in any quality submit a compose matter of your assignment through TURNITIN via BREO. It leave alone bedded as a non-submission if pen dra w is not submitted on judgment of conviction through TURNITIN. Course roleplay moldiness be reach in by the date and time stipulate in your student handbooks or on BREO. modern forge is not accepted, and provide be deemed a fail and place G(0) (no attain submitted). indite work moldinessiness be legible and comprehensible, work may be spurned work which does not meet commonsensical standards of presentation, and this may result in you failing or being referred. indite work must be presented in English. justify massIf you retrieve that you ar believably to miss a deadline because of mitigate peck (for example illness), you should apply to apply for an appendix through the Student elaboration and Mitigating passel Teams via SID. Your industry should be attach to by docudrama evidence of your extenuating circumstances. Individual instills be not able to go by publish deadlines.plagiarization plagiarization takes the form of repeat early(a) soulfulness s words or images and claiming them as your own, or presenting individual elses line of thinking as if it was your own. To raise is to give the opinion that you decl ar write or intentional or idea something that you guide in fact borrowed from soul else. You after part use some other communitys ideas, words and images, but its principal(prenominal) that you own them through detach referencing. cogitate that your examiners be absentminded to assess your ability, not those of others, so its grave that you overly interpret others work and that in that respect is sufficient of your own work in your assignments that your ability give the gate be assessed. You should aliment a commissionful record of all the sources you use, including all internet material and stop up that you earn correct referencing practices. These ar outlined the course handbook and online at http//lrweb.beds.ac.uk/guides/resources/referencingYou atomic number 18 besides not permitted t o re-present any judgment already submitted for one unit as if for the number one time in other unit. forked enumeration of assessed work is not unremarkably allowed. If submitting work antecedently include in other assessment so you should pass judgment the plane section of text from the earlier work so that it whoremaster be taken into account by the examiners. plagiarism undercover work renovationTo help address plagiarism and comfort your award, enchant excessively view you submit a repeat your written work electronically through Turnitin via BREO. We may as well submit your assignment to the UK universities JISC plagiarism spotting Service. operative unitedlyDiscussing ideas with your fellow worker students is part of learning and we would boost you to do this and to alternate fire and germane(predicate) sources and references. However, there is a character amidst manduction ideas and collusion which is an academicianian offensive activity. Y ou must not work with others to the extent of exchanging written materials you fork out prepared, such as notes or drafts of assignments unless you have been expressly told that this is permissible. If these types of materials are divided out this go away be regarded as an assessment offence for the person who lends the material as well as for the person who uses it.Your own work should be regarded as your own keeping and you should entertain it. If you are works in a shared space, log off from the computer you are on the job(p) on whenever you take a break so that others cannot feeler code or double your own work take care to get down printed drafts or copies of work, sooner than just discarding them and, dont give your work to others in any format. If you are work on a group assignment make sure you understand the apportioning of responsibilities among yourself and the other members of the group. 5.5 Feedbackappraisal pass on be provided one at a time to students, through group feedback (where relevant) and on your individual student BREO site. thither are as well opportunities for formative feedback on your work throughout the unit which get out help you complete your final assignments. marked work go forth be visible(prenominal) for gathering from the tutor three weeks after the assessment deadline.6. principle and schooling memorandumYou can experience your timetable at http//timetable.beds.ac.uk then fit the think under units. If there are changes to the timetable, you result be notified on the BREO site for this unit. revel decide it regularly.* besides breeding suggestions leave behind be provided to students in a weekly radical through BREO. push meter nurture material includes academic articles, book chapters and cuticle studies. 7. indication and resourcesThe legal age of order readings will be in the form of books, create assembly papers, and case study materials. You will be certified of essential read ing relating to each topic cover and enjoin towards the most relevant textbooks and articles for these subjects. This charge will be communicated by tutors and via BREO. In addition, you are encourage to access diary articles via electronic databases and further to search for appropriate examples of relevant research. You are strongly promote to access information electronically but to exercise critical judgement when identifying recyclable sources.The encyclopedism picks inwardness at commonalty foursquare houses our master(prenominal) tourism collection. present you can expect to find copies of essential texts on your reading lists as well as adjuvant reading. some of our resources are in electronic format and can be accessed off-campus. enormous reading is essential and it is principal(prenominal) you reference this work accurately and correctly. gratify make you sure you read and adhere the guide to referencing found at http//lrweb.beds.ac.uk/guides/resources/re ferencing checkmate exceptionalised library guides are getable in printed format in the encyclopaedism Resource center of attention and on the attainment Resources web site http//lrweb.beds.ac.uk/guides/subjectguides. Go to Advice and Help, then undefended Guides. These guides tell you which resources are important for your particular course. The sheath bibliothec is mailing Mortimer who can be contacted by e-mail bill.mortimerbeds.ac.uk or by foretell 01234 351671, ext.4374. turn on is based in the Polhill campus, inhabit R1.01. If you want to call him free of charge, thats possible from the LRC. all-important(a) readingBrassington, F and Pettitt,S (2006) Principles of merchandising, fourth Edition, assimilator hall, NJ. ISBN 0-273-69559-2.Recommended readingChristopher H. Lovelock, Jochen Wirtz, Patricia shoot the breeze (2009), Essentials of operate selling start Edition, assimilator sign ISBN-13 978-981-06-7995-8Kotler, P., Wong, V., Saunders, J. and Armstro ng, G. (2005) Principles of Marketing quaternary European Edition, assimilator Hall international/Pearson training Limited. ISBN 0273 68456 6Groucutt, J, Leadley P, Forsyth P (2004) Marketing essential, principles, vernal realities eldest Edition, Kogan varlet ISBN 0-7494-4114-3